Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Life Cycle Assessment of beverage packaging systems: a case study for Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-02) Luna-Garcini, Héctor; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; puelquio/tolmquevedo; Moina Gutiérrez, Arturo; García Kerdan, Iván; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoAs companies from the manufacturing sector define their sustainability strategy to meet global, national and internal goals, the need for reliable scientific data related to their environmental footprint, which supports decision making, has become more critical in the last years. The Mexican beverage industry has a significant weight in the national economy. By 2019 this industry was responsible for 1.9% of national GDP and was a source of employment for more than 1.5 million people. Although most of the largest companies track their environmental footprint and publish them in sustainability reports, there is no data related to far-reaching sustainability assessment such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This work presents the implementation of an environmental LCA for four different packaging systems used by Mexican beverage companies (Non-returnable PET, refillable PET, refillable glass bottles and aluminium cans). This study includes a comprehensive literature review to know the tendencies, novelties and main results obtained with the execution of LCA for beverage packaging systems. The literature review allowed the identification of similar studies to this work which made it possible to compare and validate the results obtained. The LCA study considered the raw materials extraction, packaging manufacture, finished product manufacture, distribution, retail, washing and end-of-life stages. The goals of this LCA were: i) to determine and compare the environmental impacts generated by four beverage packaging systems offered in Mexico from a cradle-to-grave scope and ii) to identify the Hot Spots of each packaging system. Data inventory was built by using the ECOINVENT database, peer-reviewed publications and public data from industry. This study executed CML, AWARE and Cumulative Energy Demand impact assessments. The results of the study revealed that the NRPET bottle has the best environmental performance since it has a GWP of 174.45 kg CO2eq while RGB has the worst performance with 1152.95 kg CO2eq when considering a single life cycle. On the contrary, if evaluating multiple cycles, the REFPET system performed better since the average GWP per cycle is 50.26 45 kg CO2eq if the packaging last at least 15 cycles. Moreover, the packaging manufacture stage is the most significant contributor for GWP and WF. The results intend: i) to provide scientific-based data for the beverage industry stakeholders, ii) to make possible a better understanding of their environmental footprint and iii) to lead decision-making based on Life Cycle Thinking. Finally, recommendations were set to enable beverage companies to reinforce or adapt their sustainability policy in other for them to achieve a sustainable supply chain.
- Integrated bio-refinery processes for valorization of Sargassum biomass from Mexican Caribbean Coast(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-11-24) Saldarriaga Hernández, Sara Cristina; Nasir Iqbal, Hafiz Muhammad; puelquio/tolmquevedo; Melchor Martínez, Elda M.; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Parra Saldívar, RobertoSince 2014, Mexican Caribbean coasts have experienced an atypical massive arrival of pelagic Sargassum that accumulated on the shores triggers economic losses, public health problems, and ecosystem damaging near the coastline. Mechanical harvesting has been implemented ending in landfills. Since Sargassum algae represent an abundant biomass in tropical regions of the world, it has shown potential as a feedstock to supply bioprocesses focused on obtaining high-value compounds and bioproducts. However, there is a lack of data on the biochemical composition of Sargassum biomass from Mexican Caribbean coasts to propose valorization pathways. In this sense we conducted a biochemical and elemental characterization of Sargassum biomass collected from Cozumel, Mexico, and evaluated how different factors such as Season, type of Sargassum and extraction method influences in the biochemical composition of the biomass. We also conducted a Soxhlet extraction of metabolites using three different solvents, in order to investigate the antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antioxidant capacity of Mexican Caribbean Sargassum. We found that the composition of Sargassum is influenced by season changes. Harvesting Sargassum directly from the shallow water make it more suitable for biomolecules recovery than dried Sargassum from the beach. Laccases are not suitable enzymes for Sargassum hydrolysis, and MAE had better extraction performance than EAE. We also found that Sargassum has an important antioxidant activity, and an antimicrobial effect using different solvent fractions. Finally, Sargassum present a great potential as a biosorbent of pollutants such as toxic metals in coastal ecosystems. In general, this thesis made an approach to Bio-refinery of Sargassum biomass from Mexican Caribbean coast using green technology to extract bioactive compounds, and make the most of resources that have a potential biotechnological application for biofuel, agriculture, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.