Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Efecto del consumidor de gobierno en la confianza del consumidor en México(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-20) L'Eglise Orozco, Luis Alfonso; Sánchez López, Fernando; emimmayorquin, emipsanchez; Pérez Acosta, María Guadalupe; Hernández Daniel; Escuela de Gobierno y Transformación Pública; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoEste estudio examina la relación entre el consumo de gobierno y la confianza del consumidor en México entre 2001 y 2025 mediante un modelo ARDL. Con datos trimestrales y controles como el tipo de cambio real y un dummy por COVID-19, se identifican efectos de corto y largo plazo. Los resultados muestran cointegración y un impacto negativo de largo plazo: un incremento en el consumo de gobierno reduce la confianza del consumidor en 2.11%. En el corto plazo, solo el tipo de cambio y la pandemia afectan significativamente al ICC. Los hallazgos sugieren que mayor gasto público puede generar percepciones de incertidumbre fiscal.
- Architected gripper fingers: design, additive manufacturing, and experimental characterization(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-09) Molina Berrios, Andrés Eduardo; Román Flores, Armando; emimmayorquin, emipsanchez; Vázquez Hurtado, Carlos; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Cuan Urquizo, EnriqueSoft robotic manipulators provide an approach to manipulate delicate and fragile objects. Their performance depends mostly on its material flexibility and finger design. This study explores architected gripper fingers designs featuring sinusoidal structures manufactured via fused filament fabrication using thermoplastic polyurethane. The deformation behavior was experimentally characterized through image analysis of geometry conformity to assess adaptability and load-deformation test using a stepper motor and analog dynamometer. Performance was analyzed implementing robotic manipulation trials using an Xarm. The results showed that distance between curved ribs demonstrated higher flexibility, with greater deformations per load step. Withing the designs, models with increased number of waves achieved better adaptability, while those with ribs spacing variations exhibited higher stiffness. Robotic manipulation experiments confirmed that architected fingers improved grasping performance and reduced damage when handling delicate objects. This study provides a foundation for developing robotic applications, demonstrating that the proposed configurations are capable of safe manipulation. The combination of design parameters and additive manufacturing techniques enables the creation of customized and functional fingers that can adapt to various delicate objects.
- Domain-adapted pretraining and topic modeling for identifying skills categories in job postings(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-05) Madera Espíndola, Diana Patricia; Ceballos Cancino, Héctor Gibrán; Vázquez Lepe, Elisa Virginia; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; González Gómez, Luis José; Fahim Siddiqui, Muhammad Hammad; Cantú Ortiz, Francisco Javier; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Estado de México; Butt, SaburThe need to identify and cluster related skills in job postings has become increasingly essential as the labor market becomes more complex, driven by the rapid growth in job market data and continuous shifts in economic conditions, technology, and skill requirements. This task is especially challenging for postings in low-resources languages such as Spanish, as there is a lack of models specifically trained to handle these language variations. Previous work in this regard involves taxonomies created by experts such as ESCO, intended to be used as reference points via measured skills. However, some issues associated with these systems stem from their reliance on region-specific taxonomies as well as their rigidity to adapt to the changing environment of the market. Thus, we proposed a method to improve skill identification performance within the Mexican automotive industry by grouping equivalent skills present in Spanish job postings through the integration of text normalization, a Domain-Adaptive Pre-training (DAPT) Spanish BERT model, the use of BERTopic for pseudo-labels extraction, the improvement of vocabulary representation via VGCN embeddings, and similarity metrics such as keyword overlap and cosine similarity for final refined clustering. The scope of this research is to evaluate our approach by using an Adjusted Rand Index (ARI) score in skill classification on a dataset exhibiting a long-tail distribution across both the head and tail data, comparing the results to those of an initial Non-DAPT model, since, to the best of our knowledge, no direct approach exists that is comparable to either our ensemble model or the distribution of our dataset.
- Methodology for reducing root and contact stresses in spur gears through ISO 6336 modeling, finite element validation, and response surface optimization(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-04) Mendoza Servín, Osvaldo; Jiménez Martínez, Moisés; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Hernández Castillo, David; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Urbina Coronado, Pedro DanielThis work presents a methodology for reducing root and contact stresses in spur gears through the combined use of ISO 6336 analytical models, finite element validation, and response surface methodology (RSM). Six key geometric parameters—module, pressure angle, addendum, dedendum, root fillet radius, and profile-shift coefficient—were investigated to quantify their influence on the tooth stress distribution. A design of experiments (DoE) based on RSM was implemented in Minitab® to explore the design space and model the relationship between geometry and stress response. Gear geometries were generated in KISSsoft® and refined in SolidWorks®, while meshing and analysis were performed in HyperMesh®. Analytical stress predictions were validated against finite element results, showing strong agreement within ±5%. The response surfaces revealed that module, pressure angle, and fillet radius are dominant in reducing root stress, while pressure angle and profile shift mainly govern contact stress. Following the proposed optimization strategy, average stress reductions of 30% in root and 8% in contact were achieved. The methodology provides a systematic and computationally efficient framework for geometry optimization, enhancing gear durability and mitigating fatigue-driven failures in precision mechanical systems.
- Upcycling alkaline maize cooking wastewater (nejayote) for sustainable lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation: Biotechnological innovations for waste-to-food systems(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-03) Cervantes López, Alexa; Escalante Aburto, Anayansi; Vázquez Lepe, Elisa Virginia; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Gutiérrez Uribe, Janet Alejandra; Domínguez Hernández, Martha Elena; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Franco Morgado, MarianaThe maize processing industry produces large volumes of alkaline maize cooking wastewater (nejayote), presenting both an environmental challenge and a valorization opportunity. This study examines microbial dynamics, metabolomic shifts, and agronomic potential of nejayote fermented for six days in a high-rate algal pond (HRAP) inoculated with an alkaliphilic microorganism consortium (AMC). Untreated fermentation led to a 65.3% increase in total suspended solids (TSS), while AMC inoculation prevented chemical oxygen demand (COD) increase. Metagenomic analysis revealed a shift from Enterobacteriaceae (45-47%) and Xanthomonadaceae (29-34%) to Cyclobacteriaceae (39%) and Dermocarpellaceae (>50%) in AMC-treated systems. By day six of fermentation process, pathogenic bacteria dropped below 2%, supporting ecosystem functionality and bioremediation. Cyclobacteriaceae, a non-pathogenic family, is relevant for wastewater treatment and bioactive compound production. Untargeted metabolomics identified pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch/sucrose metabolism, and key monomers (xylose, arabinose), along with amino acids, phenolics, terpenoids, carotenoids, and pesticide-associated signals indicative of partial degradation or transformation. Furthermore, to evaluate nejayote’s upcycle potential in fresh food production, fermented AMC-inoculated nejayote treatments (M1: 0-1 days, M3: 2-3 days, M5: 4-5 days) were used to replace one-third of irrigation water for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) cultivation over eight weeks. Compared to water controls, M3 increased lettuce fresh weight by 109.9% and total phenolic content (TPC) by 313.2%, while M5 enhanced TPC by 173.8%. In contrast, untreated nejayote reduced fresh weight by 33.7%. AMC fermentation promoted the potential accumulation of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, along with stress-associated fatty acids that act as plant elicitors. The carotenoid pathway was biologically and statistically significant in treatment-irrigated lettuces. Irrigation frequency, applied once or twice per week, influenced the macroscopical features of lettuce; however, twice-weekly irrigation did not result in greater fresh leaf weight or length. Additionally, soil water holding capacity of the treatments was comparable to water and M3 did not affect pH over the 8-week period. Demonstrating the potential of this system for agro-industrial wastewater upcycling, contributing to sustainable agriculture, freshwater conservation, and circular bioeconomy strategies.
- Effect of the extrusion process on the production of a precooked adjunct for American-Lager beer, with the aim of reducing energy and water consumption(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-03) Vázquez del Mercado Pardiño, Jorge Arturo; Heredia Olea, Erick; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Rosa Millán, Julían de la; Pino Espinosa Ramírez, Johanan del; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Pérez Carrillo, EstherLager beer style is the most consumed beer in North America, and Mexico is the 4th biggest exporter of Lager in the world. Among the Lager styles, the American-Lager beer is one of the most consumed due to its crispness and light mouthfeel, mainly caused using adjuncts. Brewing adjuncts represent another source of fermentable sugars (FS) for the fermentation. The main sources of adjuncts are corn and rice, but their use during mashing is limited by the necessity of cooking them in a different tun to gelatinise them and allow barley malt enzyme to hydrolyse them. Consequently, in this research, extrusion cooking parameters were evaluated on white degermed corn grits to gelatinise and obtain the highest FS conversion yield. 2 corn grits (MS: Vixim MS-60 and VX: Vixim Cereal) were extruded to produce 9 different treatments at different screws speed (200 rpm, 300 rpm and 500 rpm) and moisture (15%, 20% and 25%). Brewer's worts were produced with each extruded adjunct, and with non-extruded corn starch and the two raw corn grits. It was found that extrusion cooking is capable not only to equalise the FS yield of the wort produced with corn starch but also to produce, in 10 out of 18 treatments, an average increase of 32.01% in FS yield at different extrusion conditions. Condition at 300 rpm and 20% moisture resulted in the treatment with the highest FS yield with 46.72%. Free Amino Nitrogen and protein content were quantified, and in VX treatments, a significant decrease of 37.4% and 59.3% respectively, was observed, mostly due to a higher presence of Maillard reaction during extrusion. Through an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the FS yields produced, the extrusion parameters were analysed and optimised to produce a condition (MS10) where the FS yield was maximised at 64% (16.2% moisture, 233 rpm, 159.6°C product temperature, 234.6°C extrusion barrel temperature and 341.8 SME). The wort produced with MS10 adjunct presented a 28.29% FS yield, 4.22 SRM colour, 1.25 mL/min filtration speed, parameters not statistically different to the wort produced with corn starch, while FAN concentrations were reduced by 12.4%. The use of MS10 as a brewing adjunct produced a 33.54% and 15.13% reduction in mashing energy and water usage, respectively. The water usage was also reduced by 35.78% by using MS10 instead of corn starch as an adjunct.
- Development and characterization of nanoparticle-based composites for fire-retardant cotton fabrics(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-03) Briones Baños, Michelle; Sánchez Rodríguez, Elvia Patricia; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Murillo Hernández, José Alberto; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Estado de México; Almanza Arjona, Yara CeciliaCotton the most widely used natural textile fiber worldwide, but its high flammability posed a great safety concern, especially in occupational environments where workers remain vulnerable to fire-related injuries. There is a growing need for accessible, low-toxicity and effective flame-retardant solutions that can be applied to cotton. In this context, this study evaluates two environmentally conscious treatment routes: one based on chitosan and another based on citric acid combined with sodium hypophosphite (CA + SHP), and examines the effect of the incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into each system. ZnO NPs were synthesized by a typical reproducible precipitation method, producing high-purity, crystalline nanomaterials, confirmed by FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and SEM. Both treatment systems were applied to cotton fabric without altering its color or dimensions. Chitosan introduced a slight increase in stiffness, while CA + SHP preserved the original softness. SEM confirmed that both coatings were deposited on the fiber surface but formed distinct morphologies, with chitosan generating films and CA + SHP producing localized deposits. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed that ZnO NPs were deposited evenly throughout the fabric, without forming agglomerations. FTIR results indicated that the cellulose structure was unchanged after treatment, and XRD confirmed the predominantly amorphous nature of the chitosan films. Thermal analyses revealed that the treatments modified the decomposition behavior of cotton through different mechanisms. The chitosan–ZnO system shifted the main pyrolysis stage by 30 °C, indicating improved thermal stability, whereas the CA + SHP system reduced moisture sensitivity and generated a more thermally stable char residue. DSC supported these observations by showing reduced degradation peak intensities in all treated samples. The vertical flame test highlighted complementary fire-retardant behaviors. Chitosan-based formulations substantially reduced flame duration but produced weak char and long afterglow, whereas the CA + SHP system did not suppress flaming but strongly inhibited glowing combustion and produced short, cohesive char lengths. These differences demonstrate that the two formulations act at different stages of combustion: chitosan primarily affects flaming behavior, while CA + SHP reduces afterflame times. Overall, this work provides a comparative evaluation of two flame-retardant systems for cotton and identifies their respective strengths and limitations. The results suggest that combining their complementary mechanisms may enable more balanced, accessible, and effective fire-retardant treatments for protective clothing, with potential relevance for industries in regions where burn-related injuries remain a critical concern.
- Determination of the feasibility of using flax fiber reinforced with shear thickening fluid for ballistic applications(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-03) Menchaca Briones, David; Guevara Morales, Andrea; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Gómez Vargas, Oscar Armando; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Ciudad de México; Figueroa López, UlisesSoft body armor has been part of human attire since the Stone Age, providing confidence and security to humans as they developed their activities. This gear has evolved through the centuries, incorporating new technologies that have reduced its weight while increasing its protection level. Nowadays, it can protect against threats from handguns and firearms, such as 9 mm and .44 MAG cartridges. Over the last decade, the development of materials to enhance the performance of body armor has focused on incorporating shear-thickening fluids. Their rheology enables them to behave like a solid under stress and revert to their initial state when the stress is removed. These characteristics, along with their excellent adherence to natural fibers, have motivated this study. This study aims to determine the feasibility of applying flax fiber reinforced with shear thickening fluid for developing ballistic panels with enough resistance to support handgun threats. The response in terms of maximum supported force and elongation of plain flax fiber when reinforced with different commonly used shear thickening fluids was studied through tensile testing. Additionally, the fracture mechanism was observed using scanning electron microscopy, revealing different behaviors depending on the amount and composition of STF. Then, after identifying the best STF for impregnating flax fiber and subjecting it to ballistic impacts, panels made of four layers of both neat and reinforced fabric were tested to compare their energy dissipation capacity. The results showed positive outcomes in terms of energy absorbed per layer; however, this increase in energy absorption capacity came with a significant weight increase, reducing the specific energy absorption per layer, which is not ideal for ballistic applications. Finally, various panels with increasing layers—starting with four and growing by four until reaching 24 layers—were subjected to ballistic impacts. During these tests, the energy dissipated by each panel was measured, allowing the development of a function that predicts roughly 68 layers are needed to stop a 9 mm full-metal-jacket threat. Since this number exceeds practical limits for soft body armor, it was concluded that although shear thickening fluid enhances impact resistance per layer of flax fiber panels, this improvement is insufficient to reach handgun protection levels, because the added weight from reinforcement limits practicality.
- Analysis of the architecture of a remote-controlled vehicle and automatic label localization(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-03) Reyes Lizárraga, Omar Ernesto; Ahuett Garza, Horacio; emimmayorquin, emipsanchez; Castañeda Cuevas, Herman; Urbina Coronado, Pedro Daniel; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus MonterreyThis thesis presents the design and evaluation of a cost-constrained, remote-controlled vehicle architecture for automatic label localization and inventory registration in outdoor metallic yards. The proposed system combines high-resolution vision, RFID, GPS and ultrasonic sensing on a rocker-bogie mobile platform, using vision as the primary modality to detect and read deteriorated labels while RFID acts as an assistive channel to confirm presence and recover IDs when visual information is incomplete. A three-stage methodology is followed: (i) characterization of a baseline teleoperated system, (ii) redesign of sensing, power, and logging to obtain reliable multimodal records, and (iii) implementation of a semi-autonomous detection-search-tracking-registration loop coordinated by a lightweight state machine. Across these stages, the architecture evolves from manual data capture with fragmented logs to a unified registration model in which each event bundles image, EPC/ID, GPS-based yard zone and quality indicators, locally stored and streamed to a cloud dashboard via MQTT for real-time supervision. Field tests in realistic yard conditions show that the final system can reduce typical time-to-register per label, increase data completeness and GPS-based localization quality, and lower operator workload by shifting effort from manual scanning to high-level supervision. The results demonstrate that a low-cost, vision-first, RFID-assisted vehicle can significantly improve traceability and safety in outdoor inventory operations.
- Development and evaluation of a sugarcane bagasse biochar electrode for sensing and anodic oxidation of organic pollutants in soft drink industry wastewater(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-02) Monzón de la Cruz, Sarai; Cervantes Avilés, Pabel Antonio; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Huerta Aguilar, Carlos Alberto; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Lozano Gutiérrez, Gerardo IvánBiochar derived from sugarcane bagasse was engineered and evaluated as a low-cost electrochemical material for glucose detection and for the anodic oxidation of soft drink industry wastewater. The material was modified with nickel species to enhance its redox activity and catalytic behavior. In the first part of the study, the nickel-modified biochar electrode was characterized electrochemically to assess its performance as a glucose sensor in alkaline media. Chronoamperometric measurements at 0.6 V in 0.1 M KOH revealed a linear detection range from 0.1 to 1.0 g/L, a sensitivity of 1.0843 mA·g/L, and a limit of detection of 0.18 g/L (1.021 mM). The electrode exhibited stable, reproducible responses across multiple additions and replicates, confirming its suitability for high-concentration glucose environments typical of beverage production residues. In the second part, the electrode was applied to the anodic oxidation of wastewater simulating soft drink industry effluents. Electrolysis experiments conducted at 5-7 V achieved 80–100% removal of organic carbon, as confirmed by TOC analyses and supported by an increase in inorganic carbon, demonstrating substantial mineralization. Chronoamperometric comparison with boron-doped diamond (BDD) showed that while BDD displayed rising current associated with hydroxyl radical generation, the NiO-modified biochar electrode exhibited a decreasing current profile attributed to Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ mediation yet retained high degradation performance. Additional studies on voltage and current density revealed a direct dependence of removal efficiency on the applied electrochemical load (R² ≈ 0.99). The combined results indicate that nickel-modified biochar electrodes are an effective, sustainable, and economical alternative for both sensing and advanced oxidation processes in high-strength industrial wastewater. Their performance, derived from low-cost biomass waste, highlights their potential for scalable implementation.