Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
Browse
Search Results
- Extraction and evaluation of glucosinolates from broccoli (Brassica oleracea) seeds and the scale-up evaluation for industrial production(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06-03) Bojórquez Rodríguez, Erika Melissa; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puemcuervo, emimayorquin; Guajardo Flores, Daniel; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel AlbertoBroccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica) is a popular vegetable with unique nutritional characteristics. During the last decade, the consumption of broccoli increased since it has shown great potential to prevent and treat different chronic- degenerative diseases. These characteristics are mainly due to glucosinolates (sulfur-containing glycosides) and their enzymatic degradation metabolites (isothiocyanates). Despite all these beneficial effects, glucosinolates have shown low stability during digestive process, absorbing just a little part of the fraction consumed. Moreover, due to the properties of glucosinolates against chronic diseases, dietary supplements rich in these compounds have been developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate different bioprocess conditions for the extraction of glucosinolates from broccoli (brassica oleracea) and use the extracted compounds for the formulation of a dietary supplement. The first study evaluated combinations of temperature (15, 25, 40, 55, 64 oC), ethanol-water concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), and sample:solvent ratio (1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:35 w/v) on the extraction of glucosinolates from broccoli sprouts. Glucosinolates were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The treatment with 40oC, 50% ethanol/water (v/v), 1:35 (w/v) in broccoli sprouts generated the highest extraction of total glucosinolates (100,094 ± 9016 mg/kg 6 DW). Results indicated that ethanol percentage was the factor that had the greatest impact on glucosinolate extraction (p<0.05). In the second study, the aim was to obtain an extract rich in glucosinolates from broccoli seeds using the optimal conditions obtained from the first study. The extract was incorporated into a capsule formulation and further characterization of the capsule using in vitro digestion techniques and stability test. Results indicated that the total glucosinolate concentration was 66,874 mg/kg DW for broccoli seed extract and 33,818 mg/kg DW for the formulated powder. Furthermore, the in vitro digestion was performed comparing dried seeds, extract from broccoli seeds and the formulated capsule. Loses in all levels of individual and total glucosinolates were found, considering the fractions submitted to digestion., finding that the formulated capsule was the one that showed the highest final glucosinolate concentration for all the identified compounds. Furthermore, stability test was carried out using the formulated capsule, at 25 and 40oC for thirty days. Results showed that there were not significant changes in contents of the bioactives when compared with the initial time (p<0.05). With the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested to extract phytochemicals from the seed compared instead of sprouts at an industrial level. In addition, it was observed that germination reduces the amount of glucoraphanin in the final extract. Finally, it was possible to obtain extracts rich in glucosinolates ready for the scalability process and preparation of dietary supplements with possible application in the prevention and treatment of chronic- degenerative diseases.
- Combined effect of ultrasound treatment and phytohormones on the accumulation of bioactive compunds in broccoli florets(2017-05-27) Aguilar Camacho, Miguel; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel Alberto; Wrlti Chanes, Jorge Santos; Benavidez Lozano, Jorge AlejandroIn the past years, postharvest abiotic stresses such as wounding, modified atmospheres, UV-radiation, and the exogenous application of ethylene (ET) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) have been studied as an effective tool to improve the accumulation of bioactive compounds in fresh produce. In this context, previous reports in literature suggest that non-thermal processing technologies such as ultrasound (US) activate the biosynthesis of nutraceuticals in crops by a similar mechanism exerted by wounding stress. However, there is still limited information in literature regarding emerging technologies and their effect on the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the present thesis evaluated the immediate and late response to US treatment (20 min, frequency 24 kHz, amplitude 100 μm) on glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid in broccoli florets. Moreover, the combined effects of US with exogenous MJ (250 ppm) and/or ethylene ET (1000 ppm) on the content of bioactive compounds were also evaluated during storage (72 h at 15 ºC) of broccoli florets. As an immediate response to US treatment, the extractability of glucosinolates such as glucoraphanin (795%), 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin (153%), and glucobrassicin (78.6%) increased as compared with the control (CT), and induced the detection of gluconasturtiin (0.30 mmol/kg) not identified in the control. Furthermore, US treatment increased the extractability of 1- sinapoyl-2-feruloylgentiobiose (57.23%) as compared with the control, whereas the concentration of the other phenolic compounds remained unaltered. Similarly, the content of total ascorbic acid remained unchanged immediately after US treatment. The enhanced extractability of some bioactive compounds was attributed to cell disruption by US treatment. During storage, gluconasturtiin and 4-methoxy glucobrassicin, which were not detected in CT samples before storage, showed accumulation at 24 h (0.69 mmol/kg) and 72 h (0.29 mmol/kg) of storage, respectively. On the other hand, the content of glucoraphanin and 4- hidroxy glucobrassicin, which were immediately increased by US treatment, remained stable during storage in US samples. However, the high increased content of gluconasturtiin and 4- methoxy glucobrassicin at 24 h and 72 h of storage in CT samples, was not detected in US samples. The combined application of MJ and US in broccoli florets, induced a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin, glucoerucin, gluconasturtiin and neoglucobrassicin at 72 h of storage, showing 187.1%, 111.92%, 755.9% and 232.8%, respectively, higher content as compared with US 72 h samples. When ET was applied on US samples, it impeded the accumulation of gluconasturtiin at 24 h of storage, whereas the accumulation of 4-methoxy glucobrassicin (0.52 mmol/kg) was slightly induced at 72 h. Interestingly, when the three stressors where applied together (US+MJ+ET) the synergistic effect of US and MJ observed on the accumulation of 4-hydroxy glucobrassicin, glucoerucin, gluconasturtiin and neoglucobrassicin at 72 h of storage was repressed. Regarding with phenolic compounds the application of US increased the accumulation of 5-O-CQA (70.6%) and 1,2,2-TSG (56.4%) at 72 h and 24 h of storage, respectively, whereas the content of CA (29.8%) decreased at 48 h, as compared with CT samples. Similar to glucosinolates, after 72 h of storage, US and MJ showed a synergistic effect on the accumulation of 3-O-CQA, 1-S-2-FG, and 1,2,2-TSG, showing 73.4%, 56.0% and 136.7%, respectively, as compared with 72h CT+MJ samples. Interestingly, the application of ET did not modify the effect exerted by US on the accumulation of individual phenolic compounds. Likewise, the application of the three stressors in broccoli florets (US+MJ+ET samples) inhibited the accumulation of 3-O-CQA, 1-S-2-FG, and 1,2,2-TSG observed in US+MJ samples stored for 72 h. In general, the ascorbic acid content decreased in most samples during storage. Samples treated with US alone did not show significant differences in the ascorbic acid content during storage when compared with CT samples. However, when MJ+ET were applied, the content of total ascorbic acid was significantly reduced in CT+MJ+ET and US+MJ+ET samples after 72 h of storage by 53.4% and 86.6%, respectively, as compared with CT 0h samples. Based on the results herein obtained, the application of US can be an effective tool to enhance the extractability of certain glucocosinolate and pheniolic compounds in broccoli. Moreover, due to the synergistic effect observed on the accumulation of bioactive compounds, the combined application of US and MJ could be an effective approach to yield higher levels of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in broccoli during storage. Additionally, recommendations for future investigations such as different US conditions, individual isothiocyanates analysis and analysis of gene expression were proposed in order to better understand the synergistic effect excerted by US and MJ on the accumulation of bioactive compounds in broccoli florets.