Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Harnessing the methanogenic potential of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes generated in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-06) Ibarran Esparza, Fernanda Estibaliz; GRADILLA HERNANDEZ, MISAEL SEBASTIAN; 399272; Gradilla Hernández, Misael Sebastián; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; González López, Martín Esteban; Chong, James P. J.; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Senés Guerrero, CarolinaMSW generation rate has been rapidly raising in the last decades and is expected to continue increasing, especially in developing countries. Globally, the organic fraction of the MSW (OFMSW) is the largest waste category. This waste stream is characterized by its high nutritional content that translates into high energy recovery potential. For this reason, anaerobic digestion (AD) has been proposed as a waste management (WM) strategy to treat the OFMSW. AD is a Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technology that allows to simultaneously recovery of energy from waste in the form of biogas, a mixture mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and to recycle nutrients in the form of digestate, a liquid by-product with high potential for fertilization and soil amendment applications. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the biochemical methane potential of the OFMSW generated in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), a large city in a developing country. This thesis presents a systematic review of the implementation of pilot and full-scale AD plants to treat the OFMSW in developing countries reported in the last ten years. The review aimed to analyze the literature gathered from a technical perspective focusing on the operating parameters, feedstock characteristics, and biogas, digestate, and energy production reported for each AD plant. In this work, a comparison of the implementation level of this technology in developing and developed countries was carried out to identify practices and lessons learned in developed countries that could be applied to AD plants in developing countries. The technical, economical, and political challenges identified surrounding the implementation of AD in developing countries were identified and discussed. As noted in this work, a large difference between the maturity of the technology between developing and developed countries was observed, the majority of AD plants in developing countries treat the OFMSW in mono-digestion with the purpose to obtain electricity; whereas in developed countries, AD systems treat this waste in co-digestion with different industrial waste streams and exploit the technology further from only generation electrical power, obtaining other high market-value products. This thesis also presents AD as a WM strategy to treat the organic fraction of the municipal solid waste generated in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG) located in Mexico. In this work, an experimental approach to sample the OFMSW generated in different socioeconomic strata of the MAG and to evaluate its biochemical methane potential (BMP) at a lab-scale AD system is presented. From a microscale perspective, the microbiome was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing to assess the microbial dynamics and its relationship to the composition 8 of biogas generated throughout the assays. From a macroscale perspective, a multi-Gompertz kinetic model was used to describe the cumulative biogas production and to estimate the potential biogas and methane production of the OFMSW generated in the MAG. Furthermore, this estimation was used to assess the potential environmental, economic, and energetic benefits of implementing AD as the WM practice to treat the OFMSW in the MAG. As highlighted in this work, with a biochemical methane potential of 732.8 L·kg-1 VS, an estimated 8.5 MWh·year-1 of electrical power could be produced, representing a revenue of 1.13 million USD per year and a reduction in GHG emissions of 10,519 tonnes CO2eq·year-1 in the MAG. Anaerobic digestion represents an important opportunity for developing countries to shift to sustainable WM systems, especially in the case of the OFMSW, since this waste stream represents a large untapped potential source of clean energy. AD offers significant environmental and economic advantages as a WtE and WM practice that could help developing countries, like Mexico, reach their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and clean energy generation goals. However, further research is required to harness the methanogenic potential of the OFMSW generated in the MAG. Opportunities to optimize the AD system from a microbiological and from an operational perspective, such as using other regional waste streams as co-feedstocks, should be explored. Different political, technical, and financial barriers are preventing the full-scale implementation of AD in developing countries, nonetheless, forming alliances in which the public, private and institutional sectors work together can help overcome these challenges.
- Anaerobic co-digestion approach for the valorization of livestock and agricultural waste from critical regions of Jalisco(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-07) Cervantes Astorga, Enrique; Carrillo Nieves, Danay; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; Gradilla Hernández, Misael Sebastián; Senés Guerrero, Carolina; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Aguilar Juárez, OscarLivestock waste is common nonpoint-source pollution with adverse implications on the environment. Given the logistical difficulties of the manure recollecting process, these nutrient-rich residues have negative repercussions on nearby aquatic ecosystems, such as rivers and lakes. Swine and cattle residues are rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter, which cause an ecological imbalance after they reach bodies of water through the action of rainfall. As a consequence of this nutrient runoff, watersheds' total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations rise to harmful levels; thus, developing a phenomenon often known as eutrophication. Abnormal growth of phytoplankton and other macrophytes characterizes eutrophic and hypereutrophic aquatic environments. These algal blooms consume most of the dissolved oxygen, reducing the available oxygen for other species to survive. Livestock manure should be collected before runoff transfers nutrients to the basins to avoid eutrophication. Then, these residues must be treated so they can be disposed of without harming the environment. This work proposes a waste valorization approach to reduce the nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon concentrations in livestock residues while producing a high-quality renewable energy source. Anaerobic co-digestions with lignocellulosic-rich residues were performed to enhance biogas production while maximizing the overall nutrient removal. The complete process followed in this work is segmented into four separate chapters. The first chapter states the problem, the research questions, the proposed solution, the objectives, and the main contributions of the project. Chapter two proposes a methodological approach to determine critical regions for eutrophication based on public online databases and the use of geographical information systems. This methodology applies machine learning algorithms coupled with spatial operators to analyze large areas of study, such as states, basins, hydrographic regions, and other regions. The case study of the state of Jalisco, in Mexico, is also presented in that chapter to obtain the most critical sub-basins and their correlation with environmental factors, such as rainfall and land use. In chapter three, critical municipalities were selected based on chapter two’s methodology, along with livestock production data in Jalisco. Then, crops were selected from the municipalities' yearly agricultural production to evaluate the co-digestions potential to produce biogas, mixing it with livestock waste. Eighteen different treatments were assessed by their biochemical methane potential and nutrient removal capacity. Chapter three also proposes a waste valorization index that uses both indicators (biochemical methane potential and nutrient removal capacity) to determine the best treatments. Finally, the future perspectives and general conclusions for this work are in chapter four.