Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Immobilized laccases on modified magnetic nanoparticles for degradation of common psychiatric drugs used during COVID-19 pandemic(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06-07) Hernández Martínez, Saúl Antonio; GONZALEZ GONZALEZ, REYNA BERENICE; 904203; Iqbal, Hafiz; tolmquevedo, emipsanchez; Melchor Martínez, Elda M.; González González, Reyna Berenice; Torres Ramírez, Eduardo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Parra Saldivar, RobertoThe COVID-19 pandemic has brought several consequences to mental health in population, including depression, stress, anxiety, and related problems. Thus, it has been reported an increment on prescription rates of medicines to treat these disorders. Pharmaceuticals are considered as emerging pollutants (EP) of aquatic systems due to its persistence in waters since they are resistant to conventional wastewater treatments. Ecological and toxicological risks to environment, living organisms and human health derived EP have been demonstrated. Thus, different technologies have been applied to overcome this issue. Biocatalysis appears as a novel and suitable approach for the remotion of psychiatric drugs waters due to its important advantages, including biocompatibility and high power of degradation. Here, we implemented a biocatalytic system consisting of the immobilization of a purified cocktail of laccases Pycnoporus sanguineus on magnetic modified carbon nanofibers (mCNF) by physical adsorption, which was made to deal with low stability and non-reusability of the free enzymes. The structural and morphological characterization of the matrix nanomaterial and the immobilized enzyme was determined by SEM, EDS and FTIR. The enzymatic behavior of both, free and immobilized system was evaluated by the determination of the loading enzyme. The pH and storage stability were analyzed by measuring the enzymatic activity over ABTS. Finally, the immobilized system was evaluated in the degradation of 25 µg/mL of venlafaxine in ultrapure water and a real sample of wastewaters by using 10 mg of the immobilized biocatalyst. Results of the characterization confirmed the magnetic modification of the carbon nanofibers by the formation of iron oxide nanoparticles over the surface of the carbon nanofibers. Moreover, the maximum loading of laccases on the mCNFs was about 73 %, and the immobilized laccases exhibited excellent pH and storage stability. The highest enzymatic activity of the immobilized laccases was found to be at pH 5, in which the enzyme retained 75 % of its initial activity after 4 weeks at 4 °C. The immobilized laccases system has shown potential results in the degradation of venlafaxine in an aqueous medium. Finally, the nanobiocatalyst was able to remove the 69 % of the venlafaxine (VFX) after 18 h.
- COVID-19 mortality prediction using deep neural networks(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06) García Zendejas, Arturo; MORALES MENENDEZ, RUBEN; 30452; REPOSITORIO NACIONAL CONACYT; Morales Menéndez, Rubén; emipsanchez; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyCOVID - 19 disease caused by the virus SARS-CoV2 appeared in Wuhan China in 2019, in March 11th 2020 it was declared a global pandemics, taking by March 2022 over 5,783,700 lives around the world. COVID-19 spreads in several different ways, the virus SARS-CoV2 which causes COVID-19 can spread from a mouth or nose of a person who is infected through liquid particles whenever they cough, sneeze, speak or breath. Initial symptoms and development of the illness are catalogued as mild, because of that it may be difficult to identify which persons will more probably develop severe disease. One great support that can be given to medical centers and healthcare workforce would be the ability to predict which patients will have a greater risk of death and would develop more quickly and severe illness, in order to make triage for treatment and decisions about resources distribution. Machine learning and specifically Deep Learning works by modelling hierarchical representations behind data, aiming to classify or predict patterns by stacking multiple layers of information. Some of its main applications are speech recognition, natural language processing, audio recognition, autonomous vehicles and even medicine. In medicine, it has been used to predict how a disease develops and affects patients. During this thesis it was done a research and comparison of state of the art articles and models that aim to predict the behavior and development of COVID-19 patients and the illness itself. Their different datasets, metrics, models and results have been studied and used as a base in order to create the proposed models of the thesis. This research project proposes the use of machine learning models to predict the mortality of COVID-19 patients by using as input attributes of the patients such as vital signs, biomarkers, comorbidities and diagnostics. This data was obtained for training and testing purposes from different medical centers, such as HM Hospitals, San Jose Hospital and CEM Hospital. The main Deep Learning model used during this thesis is a Deep Multi-layer Perceptron Neural Network which uses static attributes, and a Long-Short Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network using dynamic attributes. A mixed model combining the static and dynamic model was also created. It was also used metrics that support the reduction of false negative cases, the Maximum Probability of Correct Decision is the main metric to evaluate and optimize the model. The models have been evaluated and compared with another machine learning models such as Random Forest and eXtreme Gradient Boosting over the different datasets.
- Análisis de factores de riesgo y biomarcadores asociados a cuadro crítico de COVID-19(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-02-04) Valdez Arias, Esteban; Rojas Martinez, Augusto; puemcuervo; Ortiz López, Rocío; Lara Díaz, Víctor Javier; Pompa Mera, Éricka Nelly; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; Campus MonterreyEl descubrimiento del novel coronavirus 2, denominado SARS-CoV-2, causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo y de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019, llamada COVID-19 ha sido la causa de millones de defunciones y múltiples estragos en México y el mundo. El entendimiento del mecanismo de infección del virus, del desarrollo de la enfermedad en sus distintos grados de severidad, las complicaciones relacionadas y el manejo clínico óptimo de la enfermedad, son factores determinantes para la superación de la pandemia ocasionada por la diseminación del virus. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo el análisis de factores de riesgo asociados a un cuadro crítico de COVID-19, en una población del noreste de México, con el propósito de contribuir al entendimiento de la evolución de la enfermedad y su manejo clínico, permitiendo mejorar la sobrevida de pacientes. En cuanto a la metodología, este estudio es un estudio de casos y controles, de carácter observacional y transversal. Se llevó a cabo el reclutamiento de más de 300 pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19, con confirmación de infección por SARS-CoV-2, en el Hospital San José de TecSalud en Monterrey, Nuevo León, México, durante el período de septiembre 2020 a febrero de 2021. De la totalidad de los pacientes, solamente 203 cumplieron con los requerimientos necesarios para el análisis, y se dividieron en dos grupos, según el estado clínico de severidad de la enfermedad, en graves y críticos. La variable determinante para la caracterización de los grupos fue la necesidad de internación en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Se construyó una base de datos con variables demográficas, antecedentes patológicos, complicaciones, signos y síntomas, necesidad de terapias y tratamientos farmacológicos, parámetros respiratorios, parámetros de laboratorio, estudios de imagen, escalas clínicas y variables acerca del curso y desenlace de la hospitalización. Adicionalmente, se realizó la medición de citocinas en plasma relacionadas a la respuesta inmune humoral por medio del uso de un panel de perlas inmunomagnéticas en un lector de placas Luminex 200®, cuyo principio se basa en el conteo de partículas fluorescentes. Se encontró asociación entre el desarrollo de un estado crítico de COVID-19 y las siguientes variables: edad al ingreso; exposición previa a otra enfermedad neurológica diferente de demencia o enfermedad cerebrovascular; complicaciones como sobreinfección bacteriana, sobreinfección fúngica e insuficiencia renal; parámetros respiratorios y de laboratorio como PaO2 < 65% ó SpO2 < 90%, PA sistólica < 100 mmHg, SaO2 mínima, SaO2/FiO2 mínima, conteo de plaquetas más bajo, valores máximos de índice de neutrófilos/linfocitos, dímero D, IL-6, ferritina, NT-proBNP/BNP, LDH, bilirrubina, transaminasas GOT y GPT, CK, troponina I, pCr, procalcitonina y TNF-α; variables de imagen como empeoramiento secuencial por Rx y afectación pulmonar mayor a 75%; escalas clínicas como qSOFA, SOFA y Brescia-COVID; y variables de curso y desenlace de la enfermedad como tiempo con la enfermedad y de hospitalización y sobrevida a 90 días posterior al inicio de los síntomas.
- Development of a pseudotyped lentivirus-based assay to measure neutralizing antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 in Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-06-09) Cruz Cárdenas, José Antonio; Brunck, Marion Emilie Genevieve; puelquio; Palomares Aguilera, Laura Alicia; Licona Cassani, Cuauhtémoc; Guitierrez Mayret, Michelle; Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias; Campus MonterreyThe SARS-CoV-2 virus is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic declared by the WHO in March 2020, which has caused more than 172 million confirmed cases and 3.69 million deaths worldwide to date. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to the development of antibodies in patients. The presence of neutralizing antibodies protects against SARS-CoV-2 infections and is an essential parameter that confirms the success of vaccination. The titration of neutralizing antibodies by classical methods is not trivial since it requires the use of replicative virus, which implies a high risk of infection and requires facilities certified with the BSL-3 biosafety level. Mexico is one of the countries most affected by SARS-CoV-2 and there are not enough facilities to carry out effective immunity monitoring. Here, this thesis presents the results of a multi-institutional national collaboration in the design of a non-replicative pseudovirus that expresses the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on its surface, which is applied in the development of a method for quantifying SARS-CoV neutralizing antibodies. The development of this assay will facilitate the characterization and monitoring of humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2, and can be easily modified to monitor immunity against emerging variants in the country. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first report of measuring neutralizing antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in the Mexican population using a pseudovirus system.
- Immunomodulatory effect of a nutraceutical mixture in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-05-28) Gastélum Estrada, Alejandro; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puelquio; Santacruz López, Yolanda Arlette; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Canales Aguirre, Alejandro ArturoCOVID-19 has impacted global community since its appearance in December 2019, with consequences in health, economic, employment, among many others that have created scenarios known as “new normality”. Along pharmacological measures, preventive ones have also been proposed including the change of diet patterns, increasing physical activities and others. In this work, nutraceuticals are explored for assessing their potential as COVID-19 preventers that could extrapolate to other new diseases or pandemics. Specifically, a nutraceutical mixture was tested in C57BL/6J mice, which is a model for obesity and metabolic syndrome, to evaluate immunomodulation potential by measuring the effect on blood indicators and immune biomarkers. Nutraceuticals evaluated include vitamins (C, D and E), minerals (selenium and zinc) and other ingredients as coenzyme Q10, microencapsulated probiotics, broccoli sprout powder and black bean coat flour as sources of sulforaphane and flavonoids, respectively. All of them have been widely studied and attributed with immunomodulatory properties, each one of them are explained and detailed in the second chapter. Results of blood indicators show a low effect on blood cells concentration and lipid profile, with no consistent differences between male and female individuals. No significant effect was determined in coagulation time. Some of the observed changes such as increase of erythrocytes and leukocyte in males of the supplemented group may suggest a heterogeneous effect between male and female mice, but more studies would be needed. While no significant effects were observed in lymphocyte-T analysis, the most relevant result was obtained in IL-1 evaluation, which level significantly increased in the obese-no supplemented group in comparison with the healthy group, but the increase was countered and even got to lower levels compared to healthy mice when the nutraceutical supplement was included in the diet. This result may suggest a higher effect of the nutraceuticals in inflammation processes rather than in blood cell levels.