Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039

Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.

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Data-Driven approach to topology change location in distribution networks using microPMUs
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-24) Salas Esquivel, Ernesto Adán; Mayo Maldonado, Jonathan Carlos; Valdez Resendiz, Jesús Elías; Micheloud Vernackt, Osvaldo Miguel
Motivated by the aim to increase the renewable energy penetration into the grid, the Mexican government established the objective of producing the half of its energy from clean sources by 2050. This is also a tendency in the rest of the world, but utilities are not yet prepared to deal with the challenges that the proliferation of this change will bring. A way to solve such issues is by evolving from the antiquated power system model to a smart grid, by building a control and communications infrastructure, and by introducing sensing and metering technologies. In this sense, micro-phasor measurement units (μPMU) are devices tailored for such purpose; but this technology requires specializing research in order to develop tools for its applications on field. Driven by this urgency, we established the objective of building an application based on the μPMU technology. Therefore, in this thesis we propose an algorithm to topology change location in distribution networks using μPMU data; based on a behavioral system theory in which we use any set of variables that are available for measurement within a network. Such approach differentiates from classic methods, since it does not require any information about the network model, and it does not assume any particular character of disturbance to locate the occurrence within the network. MATLAB simulations and experimentation using μPMUs and a DSpace Data Acquisition Card were implemented with satisfactory results, since the algorithm demonstrated to be capable to locate single topology changes in distribution networks.
Hilbert-Huang transform based methodology for bearing fault detection
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-16) Campos García, Rubén; Vallejo Guevara, Antonio Jr.; Morales Menéndez, Rubén; Ibarra Zárate, David Isaac
Rotating machinery is of great importance for manufacturing industry, and therefore huge investments for their acquisition are made every year. Machine preservation plays an important role in the exploitation of this resource. Rotating machines are more susceptible to certain types of faults, investigations report that at least 42 % of the root causes of failure in rotating machinery are related with bearings. To detect the bearing condition many techniques have been developed. One of the most reliable is vibration analysis. The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) has been used for vibration analysis and has gained attention in recent years, a topic of controversy in this method is the selection of the Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) with fault information. Statistical parameters can be used to describe the characteristics of vibration signals, this attribute can be exploited to select the IMFs. There are many time domain features used for signal analysis. In this research, a study of 17 statistical parameters was made to determine which one is the best to represent IMFs with fault information. As a result of this analysis a new methodology based on HHT is proposed. This methodology deals with the IMF selection with the use of KR (Kurtosis x RMS) to detect the IMFs with fault information, and can be used to detect incipient bearing faults. The proposed methodology was validated with 18 signals from the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Tian-Yau Wu, and the society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT Society) databases. For the 18 analyzed signals, only one IMF was wrongly selected. The cause of this error was the end defect produced in the EMD, this caused the KR amplitude to increase even tough the IMF did not have fault information. The results on the Envelope spectrum from 14 signals were clear with fault components with large amplitude. For the remaining four signals the results on the Envelope spectrum was noisy, but the fault fault components were distinguishable.Rotating machinery is of great importance for manufacturing industry, and therefore huge investments for their acquisition are made every year. Machine preservation plays an important role in the exploitation of this resource. Rotating machines are more susceptible to certain types of faults, investigations report that at least 42 % of the root causes of failure in rotating machinery are related with bearings. To detect the bearing condition many techniques have been developed. One of the most reliable is vibration analysis. The Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) has been used for vibration analysis and has gained attention in recent years, a topic of controversy in this method is the selection of the Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) with fault information. Statistical parameters can be used to describe the characteristics of vibration signals, this attribute can be exploited to select the IMFs. There are many time domain features used for signal analysis. In this research, a study of 17 statistical parameters was made to determine which one is the best to represent IMFs with fault information. As a result of this analysis a new methodology based on HHT is proposed. This methodology deals with the IMF selection with the use of KR (Kurtosis x RMS) to detect the IMFs with fault information, and can be used to detect incipient bearing faults. The proposed methodology was validated with 18 signals from the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Tian-Yau Wu, and the society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology (MFPT Society) databases. For the 18 analyzed signals, only one IMF was wrongly selected. The cause of this error was the end defect produced in the EMD, this caused the KR amplitude to increase even tough the IMF did not have fault information. The results on the Envelope spectrum from 14 signals were clear with fault components with large amplitude. For the remaining four signals the results on the Envelope spectrum was noisy, but the fault fault components were distinguishable.
Secuenciamiento y control óptimo de reactores multiproducto bajo condiciones de incertidumbre en el modelo matemático
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-15) Lozano Guevara, Azarael Alejandra; Flores Tlacuahuac, Antonio; Santibañez Aguilar, José Ezequiel; Fuentes Cortés, Luis Fabián
Las industrias con procesos multiproducto suelen generar productos que no cumplen con los requerimientos del mercado, debido a los cambios que se experimentan entre productos y al suponer que los valores del proceso no contienen errores. A través de la formulación presentada en este trabajo, se pretende mostrar una manera eficiente de resolver problemas de optimización que integren secuenciamiento y control de la producción en presencia de incertidumbre en el modelo matemático, la cual es evaluada con el uso de escenarios propuestos para el rango de valores que puede tomar el parámetro incierto; cada escenario está asociado con un factor de peso fraccional. La función objetivo está en términos económicos, y se busca maximizar el ingreso económico, simultáneamente reduciendo la generación de producto fuera de especificación a través de una buena selección de secuenciamiento entre productos. Se plantea un sistema de ecuaciones MIDO (Mixed-Integer Dynamic Optimization) debido al uso de ecuaciones diferenciales para describir el modelo matemático del reactor, después a través de una técnica de discretización en puntos de colocación dentro de elementos finitos, el sistema se vuelve un MINLP (Mixed-Integer No Lineal Problem), que puede ser resuelto con GAMS. Después se agrega un Control Predictivo de Modelo (MPC) para obtener las variables de control con respuestas de tipo pulso, finalmente se evalúa el sistema al aplicar las acciones de control al modelo en estado determinístico suponiendo los peores escenarios, en este caso, los extremos del rango de valores del parámetro incierto, y obteniendo el error porcentual entre las variables de estado y los valores deseados.
Effect of electromagnetic fields in the process of arc extinction in molded case circuit breakers
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-15) Chávez Campos, David Alejandro; Viramontes Brown, Federico Ángel; Gutiérrez Villanueva, Efraín; Gutiérrez Villanueva, Efrain; Valerio Lejia, José de Jesús
The new computational tools developed in the last decade are a great contribution to solve complex problems related to the design of circuit breakers. In the past, the experimental research was almost the unique way to improve this kind of technology, a lot of tests were made at laboratories and it was so expensive. Finite Element Analysis made possible to simulate scenarios and develop new technology supporting experimental test and decreasing the number of experimental essays. This thesis proposes the analysis of a module of arc extinction of a Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) by using Finite Element Method (FEM) software. In this work, the Lorentz force that moves the arc to the arc chutes and lets the elimination of the electric arc is calculated and a model is proposed that determines the contribution of each element of the MCCB to increase or align this magnetic force at the arc. The characteristics of the arc chute are reviewed too, the features analyzed were: the shape of plates, the material used in their fabrication, the influence of the number of plates in the Lorentz forces, and the variation of the distance between plates. The contribution to the Lorentz forces at the arc of the main elements of the module of arc extinction is shown in this work. It is also determined the configurations that allow a better design in the construction of arc chutes. As results, we obtain that the main purpose of the cheeks in the MCCB arc module extinction is to align the magnetic field in the arc. All other steel components increase the Lorentz force in it, accelerating the process of extinction. The best material to increase the magnetic forces is the AFK1 due to its high level of magnetic saturation but this material is so expensive. As a conclusion of this work, we obtain a methodology to design and calculate the effects of the magnetic fields in the arc produced in the chamber extinction of the MCCB.
Operation of a photovoltaic system in the mexican electricity market
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-15) Gutiérrez Andrews, Carlos Alberto; Viramontes Brown, Federico Ángel; Hernández Ramírez, José Martín; Llamas Terrés, Armando Rafael; Gutiérrez Villanueva, Efrain
Taking as a study case a Photovoltaic (PV) System installed in the Development and Innovation Center of Schneider Electric a whole study was realized. The main objective was to analyze the operation of a PV system in the Mexican Electricity Market and develop tools that can make easier to evaluate the performance of the installation. It produces less than 0.5 MW, in the current regulation is consider as Distributed Generation (DG). This kind of Power Plants (PP) can be interconnected to the grid and the owner has three contract options: Net Metering, Net Billing and Total Sale of Energy. In this case the better is Net Metering because the building consumes all the energy produced, but by having a contract with a supplier this field could earn Clean Energy Certificates (CEL). Three tools were developed to evaluate the economic and technical performance. The first tool is to graph the downloaded data acquired by the monitoring system. That daily data cannot be graph as detailed by the inverter’s provided interface after a day as if the user downloads the information. The second tool is required to find the greatest values of Irradiance, Temperature or Power in a month. When this tool is feed with the files of the month, each file will be paste in a new Excel workbook’s sheet, but in the first sheet the user, has a recapitulation per day of the greatest values. With all this ordered information could be prepare a generation profile of the area, and that stats can be used in future investment decision and forecasting. Finally, the third tool is dedicated to calculated financial indicators such as Payback and IRR. Some scenarios were studied and after applying some stimulus offered by the government that are reflected in the taxes payment, better results were obtained. With this tool is possible run scenarios and evaluate the profitability of new investments.
Study of heat transfer in tubular-panel and spray cooling systems applied to the electric arc furnace walls
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-15) Contreras-Serna, Josué; Rivera Solorio, Carlos Iván; García Cuéllar, Alejandro Javier; López Salinas, José Luis
This project consists in a heat transfer study in the electric arc furnace (EAF) walls, focused in the tubular-panel and spray cooling systems for the EAF located at Ternium-Guerrero plant, in the northeastern region of Mexico. The tubular-panel system is the one currently used to keep the walls cooled, composed of a total of 14 tubular panels. More dangerous accidents in the EAF operation, are the water steam explosions, which occur due to water leaks in the piping system inside the furnace. Spray cooling is given from the outside of the EAF, reducing the possibility of water directly impacting molten steel. The main purpose of this research is to know the operational conditions of both systems, verifying if the spray cooling system could be as good as the tubular system for the removal of heat on walls, efficiency and keeping the walls at low temperatures. The following procedures were used to estimate the water flow distribution in the cooling systems and the heat transfer in the walls. Piping network configurations are proposed for both systems. Models that consider surface-energy balances between different layers of the EAF’s walls and the heat radiated onto the walls by the electric arc and the molten-slag surface are developed herein. Conventional correlations were used for determining the heat transfer coefficients inside the tubular panels (Internal convection) and alternate correlations for determining the heat transfer coefficients for the external convection (spray cooling). Additional scenarios were done trying to improve the operational conditions and heat removal of each system. Water flow regulation by valves in each panel in tubular system and jet nozzles are used instead of spray nozzles in the spray system to verify the effectiveness of the spray cooling. The study was conducted via a parametric analysis in which the principal factors governing the process—the arc coverage and slag-layer thickness adhering to the walls—were varied. The results of the tubular-panel system were compared with experimental measurements of the outlet water temperature in each panel, showing a good approximation; allowing us to predict the operational conditions of the furnace. For both systems the optimal operating condition of the EAF, is when the arc is completely covered and the maximal thickness of the slag-layer that can be reached is around to 4.5 cm, it does that energy losses to decrease significantly and to keep walls at low temperatures. The minimal temperature difference between the inlet and final flow is around to 3 K. The spray cooling system operates with a lower heat removal capacity and pressure than the tubular-panel, causing that inner wall surface temperature to be approximately 20 degrees higher than when using the tubular system for critical operating conditions. Under optimal operating conditions each nozzle removes approximately 8.5 kW of thermal power. It is concluded that each cooling system has different temperatures and heat-removal capacity, which are highly dependent on the water flow within them. It is proved that slag-layer thickness and arc-coverage factors significantly affect the safe operation of the EAF, as well as its energy efficiency. This is a semi-analytical study; the equations of models were obtained analytically, and an equation-solver program is necessary to treat the non-linear equations obtained. Relatively few computational resources are required for this method.
Desarrollo de un programa computacional para el análisis termoeconómico de sistemas de cogeneración
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-14) Hernández-Zamudio, Grecia; Montesinos Castellanos, Alejandro; Viramontes Brown, Federico Ángel; Montesinos Castellanos, Alejandro; Llamas Terrés, Armando Rafael
A partir de la aprobación de la Reforma Energética, el papel que desempeña el sector de energía en el desarrollo tecnológico, económico y social de México ha cambiado y continuará en constante transformación. Un punto importante de esta transformación deberá hacer frente a la creciente demanda y consumo energético. Dentro de las alternativas de solución se encuentra la cogeneración, proceso que utiliza eficientemente los combustibles empleados al permitir la producción de dos tipos de energía a partir de una misma fuente primaria. El tipo de motor primario que se utilice determinará la cantidad de energía residual disponible que pueda ser utilizada para la producción térmica. En la actualidad, existen programas que permiten la evaluación técnica o económica de sistemas energéticos. No obstante, estos programas suelen no estar hechos en función de las necesidades específicas de los usuarios, además de que presentan un alto costo y nivel de complejidad. Por ello, se plantea como problema la necesidad de un instrumento que realice un rápido análisis técnico y económico de sistemas de cogeneración y que sea accesible a usuarios específicos. El presente trabajo muestra la metodología de desarrollo de un programa computacional para el análisis termoeconómico de sistemas de generación de energía bajo el esquema de cogeneración. Con los resultados obtenidos en la presente tesis, se pretende dar a conocer a las empresas los beneficios que puede tener la instalación de sistemas de cogeneración para cubrir sus demandas eléctricas y térmicas, fungiendo como una herramienta en el apoyo de toma de decisiones dentro de esta área. El desarrollo se realiza en colaboración de la compañía DIRAM. Para evaluar el desempeño del programa se plantearon dos Casos de Estudio, cada uno con una producción diferente: agua helada y agua caliente. Los resultados arrojados por el programa permiten comparar el desempeño energético, exergético y económico de los diferentes escenarios planteados. Con ello, se comprueba su utilidad en la realización de análisis simples, rápidos y confiables que sirven de base para la toma de decisiones respecto a proyecto de cogeneración.
Ejercicio de Implementación de una metodología TPM para línea de decapado mecánico
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-14) Villarreal W.Ching, Salvador; Azarang, Mohammad R.; Smith Cornejo, Neale Ricardo; Rivera Guerrero, Gabriel de Jesús
El presente documento corresponde a una propuesta de tesis para la obtención del grado de Maestro en Ciencias con especialidad en sistemas de Calidad y Productividad. En el 2013 la empresa Steel Technologies de México S.A. de C.V. adquirió una línea para el decapado de acero con una nueva tecnología basada en decapado mecánico eliminando así el uso y contaminación de ácidos como se ha hecho durante décadas. Esta línea denominada Eco Pickling Surface conocida por sus siglas en inglés (EPS). Esta nueva tecnología se inició en el año 2007 siendo la línea de Steel Technologies la séptima línea en operar en el mundo y la única línea con 4 celda de operación Para Steel Technologies la línea ha representado grandes costos por su alta demanda de operación y mantenimiento requeridos. En base a lo anterior en este trabajo de investigación se busca una metodología para mejorar la rentabilidad de la línea es así como la aplicación del Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) la cual en base a la disciplina de 5´s, Siendo la línea antes mencionada la única línea en su especie en México, nuestro diseño basado en 9 pasos a seguir, los cuales se enfocan en investigaciones en mantenimiento reales y su efectividad a través de los costos generados, buscando reducir los mismos, así como los productos consumibles indirectos que requiere para operar. IX Después de inspeccionar las actividades de mantenimiento se observan reportes en los cuales personal de este departamento llenaba formatos en oficina y no en la línea lo cual implicaba no revisar el equipo en su totalidad y esto llevaba a no cumplir con los programas de mantenimiento preventivos oportuna y adecuadamente. Se optimizaron las actividades más recurrentes de la línea con proyectos Kaizen y se obtuvo una mejora considerable de ahorro en tiempos, se hizo más eficiente las actividades y como resultados nos dio una reducción en paros de mantenimiento, lo cual en números cuantitativos se obtuvo una reducción en costos. Se detectó que los mismos estaban en aumento en virtud a dobles actividades y gasto por la mala planeación y eliminación de los mismos programas, la pérdida de tiempo también se detectó de manera importante, así como la mala utilización de herramientas no aptas para ciertas tareas. Una vez aplicado el modelo se procede a la recolección de datos para comparar con los datos obtenidos en periodos de tiempo previos y se muestra una mejoría considerable en los gastos de indirectos de la línea y cambios mejorables en la aplicación de actividades de mantenimiento siendo más efectivos y en mejor tiempo. También se detectó que, aun mejorando las actividades de mantenimiento, se encontraron algunas pérdidas para la empresa las cuales se citaran más adelante.
Assessment and redesign of a compressed air system in a steel foundry
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-14) De León-Aguirre, Sandra A.; Herrera-Moreno, Josimar; Llamas-Terrés, Armando R.; Camargo-Reyes, Luis E.
Compressed air systems are regarded as one of the main utilities in industry; however, their continuous operation is not only inefficient but expensive. A case study on the energy efficiency of a large and complex compressed air system located inside a steel foundry is presented, where a reduction in energy consumption could be achieved. Through pertinent data recollection, and with the measurement of the most important variables in a compressed air system (flow, pressure, power), a characterization of the largest areas’ performance, is produced. Several possibilities for performance enhancement are considered and put forward.
Design of the technological infrastructure for data acquisition of an in-line measuring Industry 4.0 compatible machine
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2018-05-11) Castro Martín, Ana Pamela; Ahuett-Garza, Horacio; Kurfess, Thomas R.; Urbina Coronado, Pedro Daniel; Orta Castañon, Pedro
Industry trends call for a change and adaptation of systems to be capable of connecting with their surroundings such as other machines, computers or smartphones. The automotive industry is continuously looking for improving its processes. An objective of the automotive industry is to start implementing new trends in industry 4.0. The present work develops a technological infrastructure for data acquisition of an in-line measurement system that is being used by a manufacturer of automotive parts. The measurement system inspects the quality of die-casting parts. In this work, the theoretical concept of Industry 4.0 is implemented in an industrial machine. This work deals with the design of a monitoring system for big data in two levels. First to monitor the quality of the workpieces, and second to monitor the online measuring machine. An architecture for IoT is implemented in the development of the monitoring system, and three subsystems: Collecting Subsystem, Processing and Transmission Subsystem; and Management and Utilization Subsystem. After building the architecture proposed, data is accessible by engineering staff for analyzing and operating conditions are available for study. The architecture for connecting the machine to the Internet was successfully implemented on the measuring machine. Industry trends call for a change and adaptation of systems to be capable of connecting with their surroundings such as other machines, computers or smartphones. The automotive industry is continuously looking for improving its processes. An objective of the automotive industry is to start implementing new trends in industry 4.0. The present work develops a technological infrastructure for data acquisition of an in-line measurement system that is being used by a manufacturer of automotive parts. The measurement system inspects the quality of die-casting parts. In this work, the theoretical concept of Industry 4.0 is implemented in an industrial machine. This work deals with the design of a monitoring system for big data in two levels. First to monitor the quality of the workpieces, and second to monitor the online measuring machine. An architecture for IoT is implemented in the development of the monitoring system, and three subsystems: Collecting Subsystem, Processing and Transmission Subsystem; and Management and Utilization Subsystem. After building the architecture proposed, data is accessible by engineering staff for analyzing and operating conditions are available for study. The architecture for connecting the machine to the Internet was successfully implemented on the measuring machine.

Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud

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