Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Assessment of Alzheimer's disease-related blood and urine biomarkers for wastewater-based epidemiological studies(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Armenta Castro, A.; Aguilar Jiménez, Osear Alejandro; emimmayorquin; Montesinos Castellanos, Alejandro; Flores Tlacuahuac, Antonio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; de la Rosa Flores, Orlando DanielIncidence of Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia and the fifth cause of death among elderly patients, has been rapidly increasing in recent years due to continued demographic aging. However, access to diagnosis and adequate care remains limited, especially in low-to-middle income countries, leaving an approximate 41 million cases currently undiagnosed. Such limitations can crucially compromise the quality and availability of care that can be provided to those in need. Wastewater surveillance, which is based on the detection and quantification of biomarkers in wastewater samples, has emerged as a promising tool to assess public health in a time and resource-efficient manner, providing important information for public health authorities and healthcare providers when used in tandem with relevant socioeconomic data and clinical reports. While its potential for monitoring infectious diseases has been proven, efforts towards the integration of biomarkers of chronic and degenerative diseases into such surveillance platforms are still needed. This dissertation aims to evaluate the main biomarkers related to Alzheimer’s disease, including proteins, long non-coding RNAs, and oxidative stress biomarkers, for their integration into wastewater surveillance biomarkers. Moreover, machine learning-based algorithms to correlate the concentration of biomarkers in wastewater to the clinical reports of incidence of a disease were developed using SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in university campuses across Mexico as a relevant case study, to develop effective data analysis strategies to integrate wastewater surveillance data into epidemiological models that allow for public health risk assessment and forecasting. This dissertation contributes to the consolidation of wastewater surveillance as a tool for comprehensive public health risk assessment and data-driven decision-making by demonstrating a pipeline for the integration of new biomarkers into surveillance platforms and effective, easily-interpretable data integration.
- Design and evaluation of heat exchangers for cooling thermoelectricdevices using additive manufacturing(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Gonzáles Garibay, Ángel Bernardo; Rodríguez González, Ciro Ángel; emipsanchez; Cedeño Viveros, Luis Daniel; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Martínez López José IsraelThermoelectric modules is a relatively new technology for air conditioning systems en abled by solid state semiconductor base, with major challenges in implementation such as efficiency and high implementation costs. This thesis focuses on the design and manufactureof heat exchangers (HXs)generated using additive manufacturing (AM) that take advantage of the use of free form geometries impossible to manufacture using conventional technologies. Specifically, tryply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) based structures, were tested. For the assessment, diverse gyroid designs with stretched axes were compared against a standard (not stretched) design and a traditional extruded flat fins heat exchanger. Computational fluid dy namics (CFD) simulations and experimental testing were conducted using a custom designed wind tunnel to characterize the temperature drop for these designs. Experimental data suggest that the charactersic high surface area-to-volume ratio of standard gyroids provides a limited performance compared to the stretched configuration. A stretched 4-row gyroid demonstrated the best temperature gradient of 9.21◦C, while the regular gyroid and the stretched 1-row gyroid performed the worst, with gradients of 6.44◦C and 6.05◦C, respectively. However, the convective heat transfer coefficient for the stretched 4-row gyroid was 188.41 W/m2 · K, lower than that of the extruded flat fins design, which was 197.18 W/m2 · K. This indicates that, although the stretched 4-row gyroid design exhibited the most efficient heat absorption, resulting in a significant improvement in the thermoelectric assembly’s efficiency, it still has room for optimization to enhance its convective efficiency. Such improvements could fur ther boost the overall performance of thermoelectric modules. This underscores the potential of optimized complex geometries to significantly enhance both the thermal and overall effi ciency of thermoelectric systems and opens the possibilities to see additive manufactured heat exchangers as feasible for enhancing thermoelectric modules for air conditioning systems.
- Quality assessment and validation of digital PCR (dPCR) for grapevine virus diagnosis(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Hernández Pérez, Daniella María Joselyn; Díaz Lara, Alfredo; emipsanchez; Carrillo Tripp, Jimena; Rodríguez García, Manuel; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyGrapevine is a highly economically important crop in Mexico. However, it can be affected by several pathogens, including viruses that can cause significant crop losses. It is important to identify early the infected plants to manage the disease correctly and prevent economic losses. Traditional detection methods have drawbacks, such as limited sensibility and accuracy. Digital PCR (dPCR) is an innovative method that claims to be more sensitive and reproducible than the routine method for virus identification: quantitative PCR (qPCR). This study assesses reverse transcription dPCR (RT-dPCR) as a method for the detection and quantification of RNA grapevine viruses focusing on grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), and grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). This assessment was performed using positive controls and comparing the limit of detection (LoD) results of RT-dPCR against the results obtained by RT-qPCR. ANOVA results showed that the PCR technique (RT-dPCR or RT-qPCR) and the virus (GVA, GLFV, GPGV, and GLRaV-3) were statistically significant in the results of the comparison of LoD. Furthermore, the replicates were non-significant according to ANOVA, showing high repeatability in both RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR. Tukey test demonstrated that RT-dPCR is significantly more sensitive than RT-qPCR, with a statistically reliable difference of 95% trust, especially in low-viral-load viruses such GPGV, which detection showed also to be statistically different than the other viruses. Additionally, a field study was performed to identify the presence or absence of each virus in 45 grapevine samples evaluated with RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR. Several false negative results were generated by RT-qPCR, which only reported positive results to 62.5% of the GVA infected samples, 85.7% of the samples contaminated with GLRaV-3, 38.9% of GPGV positive samples and for GFLV only 12.5% of the infected samples were identified. These results confirm the effectiveness of RT-dPCR as a sensitive method for RNA virus detection in grapevine, enabling early diagnosis and optimal management of viral infections in grapevine crops.
- Desempeño de pastas y morteros base cemento portland compuesto con adiciones de relleno inerte de caliza(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Méndez Páramo, Rafael Alfredo; Torres Acosta, Andrés Antonio; emimmayorquin; Crespo Sánchez, Saúl Enrique; Anaya Díaz, Miguel; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Herrera Soto, Eduardo SadótEsta tesis evalúa el desempeño que tienen las pastas y morteros a base de cemento portland compuesto cuando la adición es relleno inerte de caliza (RIC). Se analizaron 6 tipos de cemento. Uno de los seis cementos fue del tipo cemento portland ordinario (CPO) que se utilizó como control para ver el desempeño del cemento portland compuesto (CPC). Primeramente, se caracterizaron los polvos de éstos con base a tres parámetros (densidad, pérdida por ignición y finura). Después se fabricaron pastas con los mismos cementos para evaluar sus parámetros físicos (cantidad de agua para consistencia normal, tiempos de fraguado y la coordenada L*). Finalmente se fabricaron morteros con los mismos para evaluarlos mecánica, física y químicamente (contenido de agua para fluidez normal, resistencia a la compresión, resistividad eléctrica, y profundidad de carbonatación). Los morteros se evaluaron a los 3, 28, 56 y 90 días de curado. Dos series de especímenes se curaron por 28 días y después se colocaron a la intemperie para determinar el efecto del medio ambiente durante 150 y 335 días. Los resultados mostraron que a mayor RIC tenga un cemento, este tendrá densidades más bajas, necesita mayor cantidad de agua para alcanzar consistencia normal en pastas y fluidez normal en morteros. En pastas de cemento se observó que a mayor es el contenido del RIC, menores serán los tiempos de fraguado inicial y final, lo que implica que la caliza endurece más rápido la pasta de cemento. Se determinó que las pastas de cemento con mayor RIC alcanzaron mayores valores de la coordenada L*, lo que implica que a mayor RIC mayor la blancura de la pasta de cemento. Los resultados obtenidos con las mezclas de mortero demostraron que a mayor es el contenido de RIC, su resistencia es mayor a edades tempranas, sin embargo, a edades mayores esta resistencia se queda estanca y los morteros fabricados con bajos contenidos de RIC, aumentan su resistencia con la edad. No se encontró una tendencia marcada en los valores de resistividad eléctrica de los morteros evaluados en función del contenido de RIC. Para los morteros que se expusieron al ambiente natural urbano entre 150 y 335 días, se observó un efecto en detrimento en las propiedades mecánicas de los mismos: a mayor contenido de RIC, mayor fue la reducción en la resistividad eléctrica y en la resistencia a la compresión. Esto se determinó por que la resistividad eléctrica se redujo entre un 10% y un 15% en los morteros fabricados con altos contenido de RIC. Por otro lado, la resistencia a la compresión se redujo entre un 15% y un 30% luego de los 335 días de exposición natural al ambiente de Querétaro. Ambas características físicas del material se vieron afectadas debido a que se encontraron fisuras en la superficie de los cubos, producto aparentemente de las reacciones químicas entre material y ambiente de exposición, que regularmente posee CO2 y S02. Finalmente, se comprobó que la prueba de pérdida por ignición ayuda a determinar indirectamente el contenido de RIC del cemento, para de esta manera reducir las posibles afectaciones que podrían generar a materiales base cemento Portland (lechadas, morteros y concretos) diseñándolos, dependiendo del uso y ambiente al que será sometido durante su vida de servicio.
- Impact of Industry 4.0 on Small and Medium Enterprises: Evaluation of Maturity Indices and Implementation Methodologies(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Delgado González, Jessica; Román Flores, Armando; emimmayorquin; Cuan Urquizo, Enrique; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Vázquez Hurtado, CarlosThe digital transformation driven by Industry 4.0 technologies is reshaping global economic and business paradigms. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Mexico, which represent 99.8% of the country's economic units and contribute over 52% to its GDP, face significant barriers such as limited financial resources, technological gaps, and cultural resistance. These constraints, highlighted in recent studies, underscore the need for tailored tools to support their digitalization efforts. This thesis develops a digital maturity model specifically adapted to Mexican SMEs, integrating practical tools such as an assessment framework and a step-by-step action plan. The study begins by analyzing the theoretical foundations of Industry 4.0 and existing digital maturity models while addressing challenges unique to SMEs. Building on this foundation, the proposed model evaluates SMEs' current digital maturity and provides actionable recommendations through a simulation applied to a representative SME. The results demonstrate the model’s utility in identifying areas for improvement, fostering innovation, and enhancing competitiveness and sustainability in a globalized market. This work contributes academically by adapting global models to local contexts and practically by offering a replicable framework to bridge the digital divide in this critical economic sector.
- Evaluation of the biological activity of wounding stress-treated carrots on the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Castorena Ramírez, Mariana Denise; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel Alberto; emimmayorquin; Chuck Hernández, Cristina Elizabeth; Licona Cassani, Cuauhtémoc; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Rabadán Chávez, Griselda MericiaAdipose tissue is a complex multicellular organ that serves as both an energy reservoir and an endocrine organ responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis through a set of integrated endocrine and metabolic responses. By storing and mobilizing energy as needed, adipose tissue supports metabolic balance. Similarly, the gut microbiota—a complex intestinal microbial ecosystem—plays a critical role in metabolic health, impacting obesity through lipid metabolism, energy extraction, and inflammation modulation. Postharvest wounding stress, a type of abiotic stress induced by cutting followed by a storage period, has been shown to significantly increase the total phenolic content in carrots, particularly chlorogenic acid (CHA). Given the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesogenic effects of this dietary phytochemical, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of consuming carrots treated with wounding stress on diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated metabolic disorders in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard (SD) or hypercaloric diet (HD) supplemented with wounding stress-treated carrots (wsC) or nonstressed carrots (nsC) for 8 weeks. In HD-fed rats, daily consumption of 5 g of wsC (HDwsC) led to a significant decrease in body weight gain (18%) and total white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation (9.7%) without changes in food or energy intake compared to the HD group. HD-wsC supplementation also improved fat mass distribution, with a significant increase in subcutaneous WAT (20%) and a decrease in visceral WAT (17.3%). These shifts in adipose tissue were consistent with improvements in lipid profiles, as the HD-wsC group showed increased HDL-c levels (40%) and reduced triglycerides (39%), total cholesterol (35%), LDL-c (8.3%), and VLDL-c (38.6%). Additionally, HD-wsC improved glucose metabolism, enhancing oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as reflected in lowered AUC values (4.3% and 5.2%, respectively, vs. HD group). Microbiota analysis further revealed that HD-wsC partially alleviated gut dysbiosis, preserving microbial diversity, increasing beneficial bacteria like Butyricoccaceae, and reducing pathogenic bacteria such as Rickettsiaceae. These findings suggest that wounding stress treated-carrots may offer an effective dietary intervention for obesity management, acting through modulation of adipose tissue function, lipid profiles, and gut microbiota composition.
- Chickpea-based 3D food printing high-protein formulation: rheology and printability(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Rodríguez Fernández, César Ibrahym; Tejeda Ortigoza, Viridiana Alejandra; emimmayorquin; Gutiérrez Uribe, Janet Alejandra; Corradini, María G.; Caporizzi, Rosella; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyA study focused on the extrusion-based printability of extruded and non-extruded chickpea flours is presented in this thesis. This study covers the formulation of a chickpea based high-protein formulation intended for 3D food printing, assessing the effect of extrusion processing and omega-3-rich oil enrichment over the flours’ printability and rheological properties. Additionally, an open-source, printable standard method for any material’s image-based analysis is proposed and evaluated. Chapter 1 includes the motivation, problem statement, and context for this study. It also states the theoretical framework and state-of-the-art of plant-based printable formulations, 3D food printing techniques, and printability assessment methods. Chapter 2 deepens on the rheological concepts and functional parameters for a food ink to be printable. Chapter 3 details the hypothesis, objectives, and research plan followed through the development of the project. The short communication “Standard method proposal for 3D food prints picture-taking and dimensional accuracy deviation measurement” (Chapter 4) includes the development and usage of the image-capturing system proposed for replicable image-based analysis of the printing performance of any food ink. Chapter 5 consists of the manuscript “Chickpea-based 3D food printing high-protein formulation: rheology and printability”. Herein, the best formulation parameters for printing extruded and non-extruded chickpea flours are described, as well as detailing the effect of extrusion processing and omega-3 enrichment over the material’s functional properties. The abstract and acceptance letter for the oral presentation at IUFoST 2024 are included in Chapter 6. Finally, future work and conclusions are presented in Chapter 7. This thesis compiles the rheological properties of the chickpea flours used, as well as the successful printable profiles for their integration into more complex and nutritious formulations
- Analyzing VR and AR I4.0 technologies for industrial applications: A comparative study and selection approach development(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Chavez Najera, Daniela Monserrat; Ahuett Garza, Horacio; emipsanchez; Urbina Coronado, Pedro Daniel; Orta Castañón, Pedro Antonio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyIn recent years, the implementation of immersive technologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) for Industry 4.0 (I4.0) applications has increased considerably. These technologies enable the connection of virtual and real environments focusing on human centered manufacturing. A challenge when implementing immersive technologies in industrial tasks is the lack of clear paths to select the most appropriate technology for specific operations, and the nonexistence of metrics to evaluate the integration performance. Nonetheless, there are trends in the literature that offer insights to conduct the decision making process for selection between immersive technologies, ensuring the suitability of the application. Based on the decision criteria identified in the literature a decision making approach is developed. This thesis also presents the development workflow of three VR/AR applications implemented in Unity Engine for Meta Quest 3 and Hololens 2. These applications are evaluated using overall performance metrics and are analyzed using the proposed approach.
- Improving the design of multivariable milling tools combining machine learning techniques(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-05) Ramírez Hernández, Oscar Enrique; Olvera Trejo, Daniel; emipsanchez; Puma Araujo, Santiago Daniel; Martínez Romero, Oscar; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Fuentes Aguilar, Rita QuetziquelChatter in milling operations degrades surface quality, compromises dimensional accuracy, accelerates tool wear and may damage spindle components. One effective strategy to mitigate chatter while maintaining high productivity is the use of specialized milling tools, such as multivariable milling cutting tools (MMCT), designed with variable geometry in their pitch (𝜙) and helix (β) angles. However, identifying the combination of these angles remains challenging because of the absence of analytics models that link MMCT geometrical parameters with dynamic stability limits. This study proposes a novel approach that integrates analytical lobes calculation with machine learning to enhance tool design efficiency. We find optimal tool geometry (pitch and helix angles) and cutting conditions (spindle speed and axial depth) to maximize the Material Removal Rate (MRR) in milling of a single degree of freedom. Our approach employs a genetic algorithm (GA) combined with a pattern recognition neural network (NN) to predict whether specific parameter combinations will yield stable or unstable behavior. The Multilayer Feedforward Neural Network is trained using a database generated from simulation of a SDOF mathematical model of milling, a non-autonomous Delay Differential Equation. The solution to the DDE is approximated through the Enhanced Multistage Homotopy Perturbation Method (EMHPM). The database includes 23,606,700 observations, covering a catalog of 36,318 MMCT configurations and 650 cutting conditions (axial depth of cut and spindle speed) for each tool configuration. The NN training database uses an approach for handling variable cutting coefficients based on exponential fitting model to describe their variation. These coefficients were characterized at small radial immersion of 1.86 mm using cutting forces of five MMCTs with a diameter of 0.5 in. This approach accurately predicts cutting forces, achieving an NRMSE below 10% when compared with experimental signals. The trained NN estimates the stability of the milling process with an error of 3.3%. Additionally, the combined use of the NN and GA reduces computation time by 98% compared to the GA with EMHPM. The selection of five combinations of geometric parameters that maximize MRR in a range between 26% and 120%, compared to the MRR of a regular tool, which is 190,493 mm³/min, has been performed. The rate of increase in MRR depends on each of the five selected geometries (see Chapter 5). Moreover, without the proposed approach, identifying the improved geometry would require up to 25 days using an exhaustive search scheme, where a SLD is generated for 10,000 cutting conditions for every tool configuration.
- Modification of photosensitive resin with 0D and 2D nanoparticles towards printing scalability(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-05) Meza Diarte, Salvador Alejandro; Sustaita Narváez, Alan Osiris; Rodríguez Hernández, Gerardo; Segura Cárdenas, Emmanuel; Melo Máximo, Dulce Viridiana; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Iturbe Ek, JackelineComposite materials, recognized for their ability to synergize the properties of multiple constituents, have become indispensable in modern engineering and manufacturing. Polymer composites, a prominent category within this field, are particularly valued for their lightweight, cost-effective nature, and ease of processability. This study investigates the integration of composite materials with vat polymerization 3D printing, focusing on the development of advanced polymer-based nanocomposites with tailored functional properties, by modifying commercially available photosensitive resins through ultrasonic dispersion of 0D and 2D nanoparticles: silicon dioxide (SiO2) and organo-modified clay Cloisite 30B (C30B), respectively. The SiO2 nanoparticles were functionalized with alkyl silane groups CTMS and OTS to achieve hydrophobicity. Therefore, this work aims to enhance the hydrophobic and flame-resistant characteristics of 3D printed components. A practical experimental methodology for the resin modification by ultrasonic dispersion was developed. The incorporation of functionalized SiO2 achieved intrinsically hydrophobic 3D printed specimens, with contact angle of up to 133°. The incorporation of C30B increased significantly mechanical properties with respect to neat resin, obtaining an increase of 37% in Young’s modulus, 39% in elongation, and 0.95 MPa. It also increased combustion temperature by 12 °C in the formulation with 5% clay concentration. XRD and TEM results confirm a clay exfoliation was achieved after polymerization, and the mechanism was proposed. A Jacob’s cure depth working curve was developed for both modifications to determine their printing parameters as the first step towards printing scalability. UV-Vis analysis confirmed that both modifications preserved the printability of the resins, demonstrating the feasibility of fabricating high-performance nanocomposites using vat polymerization
