Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Experimental characterization of vector Parabolic-Gauss beams(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12) Ramírez Ríos, Diego Armando; Hernández Aranda. Raúl Ignacio; emipsanchez; Yepiz Escalante, Adad; Gutiérrez Vega, Julio César; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Pérez García Benjamín Jesús deThe theoretical and experimental study of optical beams that satisfy Helmholtz equation un der the paraxial regime is a relatively recent field in Optics and Photonics. Assuming quasi parallel propagation of a beam along a longitudinal axis, transversal planes of it can be mathe matically stated, which, embedded to a Gaussian apodization, are known as Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG) beams. Scalar orthogonal families of solutions of HzG beams such as Mathieu-Gauss, Bessel-Gauss, Parabolic-Gauss (PG), have been thoroughly studied trough numerical and ex perimental generation. Nonetheless, the Helmholtz equation admits vector solutions con structed from scalar HzG beams. Such vector HzG beams present electrical polarization dependent of the transversal locality, so that every point in the xy plane manifests its own polarization state. In this dissertation, motivated by the absence of report of experimental
- Evaluación del comportamiento dinámico lateral de un vehículo eléctrico de 3 ruedas (2F/1R), haciendo uso de redes neuronales para su análisis(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06) Cachumba Suquillo, Santiago Josué; HERNANDEZ CASTILLO, DAVID; 40816; Jiménez Martínez, Moisés; emipsanchez; Hernández Castillo, David; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Toluca; Alfaro Ponce, MarielEl aumento de la población, la congestión vehicular, la contaminación por emisiones vehiculares y la crisis energética de los combustibles han sido problemas que han inspirado la investigación para el diseño de vehículos de tres ruedas eficientes y más pequeños. sin embargo, debido a su topología y a su inestabilidad en curvas, las aplicaciones a las que se ha dirigido este modelo de vehículo se han limitado en comparación a la amplia gama de alternativas que se puede lograr con un diseño bien conseguido. Por tal motivo, esta investigación se centra en el análisis de la dinámica de un vehículo eléctrico de tres ruedas con una topología 2F/1R (tadpole), con el objetivo de estimar el ángulo de deslizamiento lateral, mismo que permite evaluar el manejo y la estabilidad del vehículo ante diferentes maniobras de prueba descritas en las normas ISO 4138 y 3888. El modelado de cada sistema y subsistema del vehículo, pruebas de suspensión y pruebas de manejo se llevan a cabo en el software de simulación multi cuerpo ADAMS CAR, mismo que facilita el análisis del comportamiento dinámico y a su vez permite recolectar y estructurar los parámetros que más influyen en el manejo y estabilidad del vehículo en una base de datos, para así poder entrenar una red neuronal artificial (RNA) feedforward multicapa, mediante el algoritmo de aprendizaje Levenberg – Marquardt, que se desarrolla en Matlab. Al finalizar el proceso, se puede considerar al vehículo como un sistema de caja negra, en el que se necesita un conjunto de sensores que capten señales del ambiente y alimenten a la red con el fin de obtener un valor de salida que puede usarse para alimentar a otra red o a un sistema de control, dependiendo el uso que se le quiera dar.
- Numerical design of a silicon nitride nanobeam cavity for biochemical sensing(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-08) Rosero Arias, Cristian; De León Arizpe, Israel; puemcuervo/tolmquevedo; Castañón Ávila, Gerardo Antonio; López Aguayo, Servando; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyThe field of integrated photonics has experienced rapid growth in the past few decades. Sensors based on photonic crystal (PhC) nanobeam cavities are of great interest due to their size , sensing capabilities, and possible applications such as biochemical sensing. Silicon Nitride (SiN) platforms are competitive option against its counterpart Silicon due to the cost of material, no loss due to Two-Photon Absorption (TPA) or Free Carrier Absorption (FCA), and wide transparency window in both visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum. Nevertheless, SiN presents low refractive index contrasts, which makes it challenging to achieve optical field confinement inside the cavity. Previous work have proven that slow light waveguides can compensate the low refractive index (RI) contrast in order to obtain high $\mathcal{Q}$ cavities. This thesis presents a design of a slow light PhC nanobeam cavitiy based on SiN working at near-infrared range. A numerical analysis was performed using a high-Q deterministic design. The proposed nanobeam cavity consists of a slow-light PhC waveguide bounded by two Bragg mirrors. For biochemical sensing purposes, the cavity is designed such that the optical mode supported has most of the field in the medium around it, thereby increasing the light-matter interaction between the cavity mode and the analyte. The sensing performance of the structure was studied by RI sensing analysis. The cavity designs presents a Q factor up to $\sim1.2\times10^{4}$ at a wavelength $\sim$ 900 nm. The bulk sensitivity and FOM were found at 215 nm/RIU and 2843, respectively.
- Adsorption mechanisms of glycine onto graphene oxide models: a computational approach from DFT and AIMD simulations(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-11-20) Abril Martinez, Fausto Guilherme; CONTRERAS TORRES, FLAVIO FERNANDO; 132171; Contreras Torres, Flavio Fernando; emipsanchez; Cholula Díaz, Jorge Luis; López Aguayo, Servando; Medel Cobaxin, Héctor Javier; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus MonterreyNanomedicine is a nanotechnology application based on the engineering of nanomaterials to develop tools for diagnosis, prevention, imaging, and treatment of diseases. Understanding the interaction mechanisms between nanomaterials and biomolecules is essential in creating novel sensing platforms such as electrochemical devices, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. Carbon has become the most widely used nanomaterial in the 21st century. Graphene (G) is the most important allotrope because of its intrinsic properties, such as a zero bandgap. However, due to the sophisticated synthesis procedures, several related G materials are proposed to be used in applications. Graphene oxide (GO) contains oxidized functional groups on the surface, which can serve to functionalize with other molecules and thus enhance the chemical and physical properties as compared to graphene. Moreover, structural defects can appear in both G and GO materials which are also influenced by the properties of these materials. G and GO can have a perfect lattice or contain Stone-Wales structural defects that are formed by rotating a C-C bond 90º, which creates a 5-7 ring pair. The investigation of interactions of important biomolecules with carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) has emerged in an explosion of research since CNMs are extensively proposed for biological assays to detect biomarkers facilitating their detection and optical imaging in biological systems. In this way, amino acids (AAs) are the critical chemical structures in organisms. AAs are known as the building blocks of proteins. AAs can manifest the common physical-chemical properties of more significant biomolecules. Glycine (GLY) is the simplest amino acid; therefore can serve as a simple novel to evaluate this amino acid's adsorption process in CNMs. A first approximation of the interaction mechanism between G (or GO) with GLY can be studied at a fundamental level using theoretical approaches. Density functional theory (DFT) and Ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) are modern tools to gain insights into the interaction mechanisms and microscopic details of chemical processes in both gas-phase and solvent medium (e.g., water). DFT is a set of quantum mechanical approaches to investigate the electronic structure of a system at its ground state. However, DFT is not accurate for accounting for noncovalent intermolecular interactions, and they can be described using semi-empirical approaches. Atom-pairwise specific dispersion coefficients (–C6/R6) and cutoff radii that are both computed from time-dependent first principles have proved to be a valuable alternative to capture dispersion interactions in the G∙∙∙GLY complexes adequately. On the other hand, AIMD resolves the classical dynamics of the nuclei numerically, and at each time step, the forces are computed to minimize the Kohn-Sham DFT energy functional at a current nuclear configuration. AIMD can allow both equilibrium thermodynamic and dynamical properties of G∙∙∙GLY interactions at finite temperature to be computed. The objective is to analyze the adsorption mechanisms of neutral glycine onto graphene oxide models using dispersion-corrected DFT and AIMD approaches and compare their stability when including Stone-Wales structural defects. DFT studies were computed to study the adsorption sites of GLY on G and GO flakes models. A molecular system of C42 atoms (including 16 H atoms saturating dangling bonds) was used to model the graphene flakes. These graphene structures were varied with hydroxyl groups, glycine moieties, and structural defects on the surface. In particular, Stone-Wales (SW) sites containing 5 and 7 member rings at the center of the graphene flake were used to mimic structural detects. Interactions of GLY neutral molecules with the perfect lattice and SW sites were investigated in both the gas-phase (vacuum) and dissolvent medium (water). AIMD simulations at room-temperature and total relaxation of atomic positions are performed to study adsorption sites on the perfect lattice and SW defects for G and GO models. Interactions of GLY neutral molecules with both models are investigated. DFT and AIMD simulations were carried out using the ORCA quantum chemistry package. It was found that the GLY molecule interacts with the perfect graphene lattice through noncovalent bonds, and the interaction energy was computed in about −16 kcal/mol. Hydrogen bridges between the hydroxyl groups of GOs models and the –NH2 from GLY lead to total interaction energy of about −24 kcal/mol. However, the –COOH moiety of GLY binds to the hydroxyl groups of GOs with interaction energy of about −33 kcal/mol. The respective interaction energy amounts to about −44.53 kcal/mol for a configuration with Stone-Wales defects. AIMD simulations showed that GLY could stay bonded to the graphene surface to reach a thermodynamic equilibrium (>25 fs) and form simultaneous hydrogen bonds. The molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the complexes and the reservoir tend to thermal equilibrium when the temperature is lowered by about 100 K. The AIMD simulations suggested that after 25 fs, the configuration for the complexes is not different from 0 K. It was suggested that GLY form mainly noncovalent complexes depending on the G (or GO) model. G and GLY can interact from –16 kcal/mol to -34 kcal/mol. This energy value is about 3 to 9 times the average noncovalent interaction energy. Furthermore, it was shown that Stone-Wales defects cause minor changes in the complex configurations, interaction energies, and thermodynamic stability. AIMD results indicate that after 25 fs, the initial structure at 0 K will not differ after the relaxation of atomic positions at room temperature. In summary, we studied and discussed the interaction mechanisms between neutral glycine and graphene, graphene oxide models to gain insights into the adsorption interaction, potential energies, and their thermodynamic stability based on DFT and AIMD approaches. As future work, it is proposed to study the noncovalent interaction for these proposed graphene oxide models with other AAs to gain a complete understanding of the adsorptive properties for these critical biomolecules. It is proposed to increase the time frame for AIMD simulations because biochemical events of interest, such as structural changes in proteins, take place on timescales in the nano or microseconds order. Finally, the basis set level might have an impact on the accuracy of the obtained energies, and thus it is recommendable to extend to a triple-zeta basis set.
- Ultrasound technology for the modification of red raspberry by-products: effects on techno-functional and nutraceutical characteristics.(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-10-25) Martínez Solano, Karla Corina; MARTINEZ SOLANO, KARLA CORINA; 785356; García Amézquita, Luis Eduardo; emipsanchez; Tejada Ortigoza, Viridiana Alejandra; García García, Rebeca María; Morales de la Peña, Mariana; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; García Cayuela, TomásRaspberries are one of the fruits with the most economical relevance for the state of Jalisco in Mexico. However, it has been estimated that around 37% of the total production does not comply with the minimum quality standards to be eligible for commercialization or exportation. These by-products may enhance the generation of novel ingredients with unique techno-functional properties and nutraceutical characteristics. Furthermore, consumer’s demand for healthier foods have increased in the last years. It represents an opportunity to incorporate ingredients, such as fruit and vegetables’ powders (FVP) and phenolic compounds into food formulations. Ultrasound (US) processing is increasingly used for the modification of dietary fiber (DF) characteristics and phenolic composition of fruit and vegetable matrixes. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of different ultrasonic treatments on the dietary fiber content, proximate, and phenolic composition, techno-functional properties and antioxidant capacity of red raspberry by-products’ powder (RP). A three factorial Box-Behnken design including as variables the liquid and solid ratio (LS; 10:1, 20:1, 30:1 mL:g), processing time (20, 30, 40 min), and US-amplitude (50, 75, 100%) was conducted to study changes in total (TDF), high molecular soluble (SDFP) and insoluble (IDF) dietary fiber contents, water-/oil holding capacity (WHC/OHC), solubility (SOL), swelling capacity (SC), tap density (TP), hygroscopic properties, total phenolic (TPC) and anthocyanin (TAC) content and scavenging capacity in terms of DPPH and ABTS. Finally, this study evaluated the effect of RP as fat replacer on the textural and sensory characteristics on ice cream mixes. Results showed that all studied US conditions solubilized IDF and increased the SDF:IDF ratio. WHC and OHC increased, whereas TP decreased at almost all the US conditions employed. SOL and SC values did not show a unique behavior when compared to that of the non-US treated (N-UST) RP. Adsorption and desorption isotherms of RP showed a type III classification of BET and N-UST RP displayed higher equilibrium moisture content over all the aw values studied. The maximum recovery of phenolic compounds (4632.7 μg GAE/g db) was achieved using 100% US-amplitude, for 30 min with a LS ratio of 10:1 mL:g and the highest TAC (1883.9 μg CGE/g db) value was achieved by applying 75% US-amplitude, for 20 min at 20:1 mL:g LS ratio. No correlations were found between TPC, TAC and RP’s antioxidant activity. Ice cream supplemented with RP showed lower overrun values and greater melting resistance compared with control ice cream (without RP). Finally, addition of RP improved sensory characteristics of ice creams with the rating resembling to one of high-fat product.
- Numerical and experimental analysis of a polarization-sensitive plasmonic diffractive metasurface for directional coupling of optical waves(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-10-01) Mousavi, SeyedehNiousha; De León Arizpe, Israel; puelquio/tolmquevedo; López Mago, Dorilián; Hernández Aranda, Raúl Ignacio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyAdvanced applications in nanophotonics demand precise and effective control over optical fields. For this purpose, a variety of complex plasmonic nanostructures have been designed. While these nanostructures satisfy the need for controlling the directionality of surface plasmons, they are limited as propagation in different directions requires re-fabrication of such nanostructures. Therefore, developing a plasmonic metasurface to allow directional coupling to surface plasmons in a dynamic manner, through controlling the polarization state of the incident light, could overcome this limitation. The main objective of this thesis is to study the near-field interference of lattice plasmon modes with dipolar and quadrupolar nature as a mechanism to have dynamic directional coupling over a broad spectral range. The aim is to dynamically control propagation direction of surface plasmons by using the polarization degrees of freedom and to be able to tune the power in opposite directions with different ratios over a broad range of wavelengths. The results presented in this thesis may have impact on future fundamental and applied plasmonics research field. The diffraction-assisted directionality of the split ring resonator metasurface could hold potential for applications in various polarization-selective couplers such as circular-polarization beam splitters and tunable polarization spectral filters.
- Use of nanoparticles of copper with plant extracts as an alternative against multidrug-resistant bacteria causing urinary tract infections(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-08-29) De la Rosa Santana, Uriel; TORRES HUERTA, ANA LAURA; 207433; Torres Huerta, Ana Laura; emipsanchez; Hernández Cooper, Ernesto Manuel; Ordaz Cortés, Alberto; Tapia Ramírez, José Isabel; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Estado de México; António Pérez, AuroraThere is increasing concern due to the high incidence of multi-resistant bacteria. The importance of these microorganisms is in the economic and health impact that cause at global level in different countries. Many efforts have been made to improve drugs to attack these bacteria, however in the long term this only aggravates the situation. Due to this, alternatives that allow to reverse this situation are necessary. Thanks to the development of nanotechnology, the importance of nanoparticles has increased in the last years to fight infections. The green synthesis process is particularly appealing. It has been reported the use of plant extracts as reducing agents allows obtaining metallic nanoparticles with antibacterial activity. That is why in this project copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with green synthesis were obtained. For this, extracts of Azadiractha Indica (Neem) and Eysenhardtia Polystachia (Palo Azul) were used given a previously reported medicinal properties in urinary tract infections and their high content of metabolites as reducing agents for the formation of nanoparticles (NPs). The extracts were characterized at different conditions of time and temperature, by IFTR (Fourier transform infrared) and UV-vis. Following this, mixtures of the selected extract with solutions of copper precursor salt at a specific concentration were heated under constant stirring for 20 h, taking samples at 4-hour intervals. The obtained nanoparticles were analyzed in terms of distribution, size, morphology, and concentration through dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Meanwhile, the characterization of its antimicrobial effect was determined thanks to absorbance analysis in liquid culture and plate reader. It was observed that as the synthesis time passes, the size of the nanoparticle tends to reduce. On the other hand, its morphology shows signs of being colloidal, although not uniformly. Meanwhile, when comparing the nanoparticles made with both extracts and different precursor salts, a different size trend was observed in nanoparticles. in terms of antibacterial activity, it was observed that the synthesis time at 20 h of the process shows an insight of bacteriostatic activity compared to a shorter stirring time. Meanwhile an indication of concentration-dependent inhibition was observed. On the other hand, it was observed that the combination of Neem extract with copper nitrate precursor salt is the best option for inhibition of bacteria. However, it is necessary to carry out more studies of antibacterial effects to guarantee its effectiveness to be an alternative to conventional antibiotic treatments.
- Jones Matrix Characterization of Homogeneous Optical Elements via Evolutionary Algorithms(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-06-15) De Luna Pámanes, Alejandra; COVANTES OSUNA, EDGAR; 352304; Covantes Osuna, Edgar; tolmquevedo/mscuervo; Amaya Contreras, Iván Mauricio; Ortiz Bayliss, José Carlos; Serrano García, David Ignacio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; López Mago, DoriliánJones calculus provides a robust and straightforward method to describe polarized light and polarizing optical systems using two-element vectors (Jones vectors) and 2 X 2 matrices (Jones matrices). Jones matrices are used to determine the retardance and diattenuation introduced by an optical element or a sequence of elements. Moreover, they are the tool of choice to study optical geometric phases, the polarization-dependent phase of the total delay of a light beam acquired when passing through a material. Jones matrix characterization is a technique used to characterize polarizing optical systems. By measuring the geometric phase, Jones matrix characterization can identify the sample's eigenpolarizations, which are those polarization states that exits the sample only scaled by a phase factor. Currently, there is only one existing Jones matrix characterization method available. However, said method is inefficient, since the characterization of any given element is time-consuming given that the method is based on a general sampling strategy. Optimization techniques are used to find a solution to a problem specified by an objective function, where the variables are searched over to find the combination that results in the best objective function value while satisfying the constraints of the problem. Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) are optimization techniques based on the theory of evolution, which explains the adaptive changes of species in nature through the survival of the fittest, heredity, and mutation. They are all random-based meta-heuristic algorithms that do not require gradient information and typically make use of several points in the search space at a time. Therefore, using the exploration capabilities of EAs, in this study, we present an initial approach for solving the problem of finding the eigenvectors that characterize the Jones matrix of a homogeneous optical element through EAs. We evaluate the analytical performance of an EA with a polynomial mutation (PM) operator and a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with a simulated binary crossover operator and a PM operator, and compare the results with those obtained through a general sampling method. The results show that both the EA and the GA out-performed a general sampling method of 6,000 measurements, by requiring in average 103 and 188 fitness functions measurements respectively, while having a perfect rate of convergence. The present analysis shows that the usage of EAs in the area of optics is a promising research area and as future research, we would like to apply EAs on the more complex case of inhomogeneous optical elements, for which no method of characterization currently exists.
- Dinámica de transición de fase líquido-sólido en MCFs para aislamiento térmico en una geometría plana(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-12-05) Zamudio Gómez, Jesús Ricardo; OTERO HERNANDEZ, JOSE ANTONIO; 615768; Otero Hrnández, José Antonio; tolmquevedo/puemcuervo; Castillo Aranguren, Francisco; Pérez Alvarez, Rolando; Chong Quero, Jesús Enríque; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Ciudad de México; Hernández Cooper, Ernesto ManuelEn este trabajo se utilizó el método híbrido para analizar y predecir la respuesta de distintos materiales de cambio de fase mediante la aplicación de dos modelos unidimensionales para transiciones de fase líquido-sólido a presión constante en el aislamiento térmico. Las propiedades termodinámicas del material se asumen constantes en el rango de temperaturas relevantes a la aplicación. La distribución de la temperatura en el líquido y en el sólido, la dinámica de la interfaz y volumen del sistema se obtienen a través de las soluciones numéricas de un modelo isobárico de masa constante. Aplicando el modelo a sales hidratadas, parafinas y materiales orgánicos se concluye sobre la viabilidad de su uso en aplicaciones de aislamiento térmico. Summary In this work, the hybrid method was used to analyze and predict the response of different phase change materials by applying two one-dimensional models for liquid-solid phase transitions at constant pressure in thermal insulation. The thermodynamic properties of the material are assumed constant over the temperature range relevant to the application. The distribution of the temperature in the liquid and in the solid, the dynamics of the interface and volume of the system are obtained through the numerical solutions of an isobaric model of constant mass. Applying the model to hydrated salts, paraffins and organic materials, it is concluded on the viability of its use in thermal insulation applications
- Novel polarimetric techniques enabled by the geometric phase(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-12) Garza Soto, Luis Alejandro; López Mago, Dorilian; 262725; López Mago, Dorilián; puemcuervo; Gutiérrez Vega, Julio César; Hagen, Nathan; Engineering; Campus MonterreyPolarimetry consists on being able to predict the state of polarization of a beam of light or the parameters that characterize the polarization properties of a material. In this thesis I propose two new polarimetric techniques that specifically aim at characterizing a material. The first one is based in a relationship between visibility and the geometric phase acquired by a polarized light beam after traversing the material. The second one uses structured light to perform multiple experiments simultaneously and determines through intensity measurements properties of the associated Jones matrix: eigenpolarizations and retardance. The document is divided in 5 chapters. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to my research and the motivation behind it. Chapter 2 is a review of the theoretical framework in which our research takes place. In this chapter we explain basic principles of polarization, interference, visibility, geometric phase, and structured light. We offer a brief explanation that is focused on helping the reader understand the foundations of the derivations and experiments that are presented as a novelty in this thesis. Chapter 3 is titled "Visibility and its relation to geometric phase". In this chapter I try to explain how I started getting hints of the relationship between these physical quantities. The chapter then leads us to the derivation of an expression that relates visibility of fringes and geometric phase. The proof-of-concept experiments to confirm this relationship are described and we present results that validate our claims. Chapter 4 explains all the details about a technique that finds the optical properties of a material through the interference of Full Poincare beams. For this chapter I offer an explanation on the equations that help us understand the technique and then I present a simulation to show how the technique would work. Experimental confirmation of this technique is challenging and this lead me to presenting results based on the simulation only. Regardless, if this technique is seem as interesting then we would expect to be able to work on it experimentally in the future. Chapter 5 is the final chapter of this thesis and I present my conclusions.
