Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Electrified tribological study of bio-derived lubricants for electromobility applications(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-11-03) Rubio Hernández, Carlos Cristóbal; Farfán Cabrera, Leonardo Israel; emipsanchez; Reséndiz Calderón, César David; Vázquez Lepe, Elisa Virginia; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de México; Hernández Peña, AndysClimate change has forced humanity to develop less harmful alternatives to the environment. Electromobility has then increased in popularity, aiming for humankind's greener and climate-neutral future. Nevertheless, the complete change in the vehicles’ driveline caused different complexities, including tribological problems; therefore, new lubricants should fulfill the requirements needed in the XXI century’s transportation. Moreover, stray currents and induced voltage are inevitable. Hence, new lubricants must have good electric properties that do not hinder their lubricity capability due to these harsher conditions. In addition, conventional lubricants and their additives harm the environment and human health during production, usage, and disposal. A considerable amount of used lubricants end up polluting different ecosystems and potentially affecting biodiversity and health. If the power source of vehicles is becoming greener, so should their components, and the lubricants are not an exception. Bio-based lubricants come from renewable resources, are biodegradable, and are less toxic to the environment and human interaction. Nevertheless, not all bio-lubricants can be considered sustainable since they could give rise to a conflict, economic and ethical, with food production. This research evaluates the performance of two non-edible bio-based lubricants, neat Jatropha curcas, and Micro-algae oils, and used them as additives of Mineral Group II and synthetic PAO 4 oils, respectively, at low volumetric concentrations of 5 and 10%, by characterizing their physicochemical properties and assessing their tribological performance in a four-ball tester, which was modified to run electrified trials to emulate the conditions in which they would operate in an electric vehicle’s powertrain.
- Microalgae-based livestock wastewater treatment and resource recovery: a circular bioeconomy approach(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-07) López Sánchez, Anaid; Carrillo Nieves, Danay; emijzarate; Orozco Nunnelly, Danielle A.; Senés Guerrero, Carolina; Aguilar Juárez, Óscar; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Gradilla Hernández, Misael SebastiánThe livestock industry is a sector of great relevance worldwide. This sector accounts for 1.4% of the world's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is a source of livelihood for more than 1.3 billion people. Furthermore, thirty-nine percent of the worldwide protein demand is covered by this sector. However, this activity is one of the top polluting industries, accounting for 14% of the greenhouse gasses (GHG) originated from anthropogenic sources. Additionally, the livestock sector is the largest land user on earth, using 70% of the total agricultural land and 30% of Earth’s land surface. One-third of the global cereal production is destinated for animal feed, of which some nutrients are retained by the animals and the rest is released to the environment without previous treatment, resulting in soil degradation, water and air pollution and, consequently, serious human health impacts. Circular bioeconomy (CBE) has emerged as a potential driver towards the sustainability of livestock production systems. One of the main objectives of the CBE model within the livestock industry is the minimization of the usage of raw material resources through the recycling, reuse, and revalorization of waste and wastewater. Microalgae-based wastewater treatment (MbWT) is a potential solution aligned with the CBE principles, in which the nutrients contained in the livestock wastewater (LW) are recovered and transformed into high value-added products with a wide range of industrial applications. The overall performance of MbWT (i.e., nutrient removal efficiencies and biomass production) is highly dependent on a wide range of factors, such as the microalgal strain and the composition of the wastewater. However, most of the existing studies that implemented MbWT have focused on a single LW type. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to treat a mixed effluent composed of the most common ADLW (from cattle, swine, and poultry), to understand the effects of the mixture of all three types of LW on cell growth and pollutant removal efficiencies of microalgal cultures (Chlorella vulgaris, Haematoccocus pluvialis and Chlamydomonas spp.). Through an evaluation of the mixture design, the optimal fraction of these different types of effluents (ADCW, ADSW, and ADPW) was analyzed to obtain maximum microalgal biomass productivity and 7 pollutant removal rates (COD, TN and TP). Furthermore, these microalgae were tested in all possible combinations of mono-, bi-, and tri-cultures. The first chapter of the present thesis consists of a thorough review of the literature to address the most significant factors affecting nutrient removal and biomass productivity in MbWT, including: (i) microbiological aspects, such as the microalgal strain used for MbWT and the interactions between microbial populations; (ii) physical parameters, such as temperature, light intensity and photoperiods; and (iii) chemical parameters, such as the C/N ratio, pH and the presence of inhibitory compounds. Additionally, different strategies to enhance nutrient removal and biomass productivity, such as acclimation, UV mutagenesis, multiple microalgae culture stages (including monocultures and multicultures) are discussed. The second chapter of this thesis presents the first study of MbWT using anaerobically digested swine, poultry and cattle wastewater (ADSW, ADPW and ADCW) mixtures. A centroid mixture design was used to determine the optimal mixture to promote higher cell concentrations and pollutant removal efficiencies of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlamydomonas spp. cultured as mono-, bi-, and tri-cultures. Additionally, A redundancy analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between microalgal cultures and the removal efficiencies of the digestate pollutants. The results herein show that C. vulgaris as a monoculture in a digestate mixture of 0.125:0.4375:0.4375 (ADSW:ADPW:ADCW) resulted in cell growth of 3.61×107 ± 2.81x106 cell mL-1, a total nitrogen removal of 85%±2%, a total phosphorus removal of 66%±3% and a chemical oxygen demand removal of 44%±7%. The specific composition of the effluents plays a key role in microalgal performance due to their respective nitrogen and phosphorus content. Furthermore, this study suggests that a mixture of the three most common digestates generated by livestock farms offers a promising alternative for the treatment and revalorization of LW, by taking advantage of the unique composition that each digestate possesses. Further studies are warranted to gain a deeper understanding of the interspecific microalgal interactions occurring in mixed cultures that may enhance or hinder the performance of MbWT.
- Culture of Euglena gracilis in photoautotrophy for paramylon production: effect of pH and media composition(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-11-15) Martín Roldán, María; ; Pacheco Moscoa, Adriana; puemcuervo/tolmquevedo; Senés Guerrero, Carolina; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Valledor González, LuisMicroalgae have been widely studied in biotechnology for their application in various areas such as bioremediation, production of biofuels, or use in nutrition. More specifically, certain species are recognized to produce compounds of high commercial value. Euglena is a group of microalgae characterized by the generation of the reserve polysaccharide paramylon, with promising prospects for its application in pharmacology, nutrition, to produce bioplastics, or biodiesel. Paramylon is accumulated mainly in the presence of organic carbon in the culture medium; however, this represents a challenge when establishing a large-scale culture due to the risk of biological contamination. In this study, an extensive study of the literature was carried out with respect to the autotrophic culture of Euglena gracilis destined to paramylon production. As a result, we evaluated the effect of culture pH, vitamin supplementation, and nitrogen source in the culture medium in order to reach the maximum biomass productivity. A pH of 7.5 and ammonium as nitrogen source were optimum for the autotrophic culture of E. gracilis, while an improvement in productivity was not observed with vitamin supplementation. Finally, it was possible to scale up the photoautotrophic culture of E. gracilis to a 1-L airlift photobioreactor. In conclusion, there is still much optimization work to achieve the biomass and paramylon productivity reported for the heterotrophic cultures of E. gracilis, but the results of this study reveal its viability.
- The energy use of the macroalga pelagic Sargassum in the Mexican Caribbean(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey) García Dorantes, José Gil; MEMBRILLO HERNANDEZ, JORGE; 21703; Membrillo Hernández, Jorge; puelquio, emipsanchez; Benjamín Ordóñez Díaz, José Antonio; Membrillo Hernández, Jorge; Ganem Corvera, Ricardo; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoThe potential of the pelagic Sargassum as feedstock for energy and substrates production is evaluated from an engineering point of view to determine if the macroalgae is a source of renewable biomass at a large-industrial level. This alternative could be a solution to mitigation and adaptation for the influx problem in the Caribbean coastline of Mexico (and other Caribbean countries). Recent research and experiments suggest that macroalgae can be processed by biorefinery systems like Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) that makes suitable the use of the Pelagic Sargassum as a source of renewable energy and a substrate of potential products and services. Two different process scenarios, with or without a heat exchanger unit, are simulated in Aspen Plus to evaluate the physical, chemical, and cost feasibility of the macroalga continuous HTL to obtain bio-crude oil, an aqueous phase, gaseous phase, and char, as valuable products at an industrial production with a potential use such as biofuel, and fertilizer. Both cases are thermodynamically, energetically, and economically evaluated with a macroalga sludge feedstock of 2.79 M t/year, a total product sales of $14.94 M USD/year, and a payback period of 5.54 years in one of the scenarios considering the total capital, and utility costs of the integrated system and its boundaries. The production of 1.87 PJ/year of energy equates to 0.05% of Mexico's primary energy production from crude oil in 2019. This study stands for an opportunity for adaptation and mitigation of the problem that is affecting the Caribbean zone, as well as for an opportunity of synergy between the scientific, private, and government sectors.
