Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Harnessing the methanogenic potential of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes generated in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-06) Ibarran Esparza, Fernanda Estibaliz; GRADILLA HERNANDEZ, MISAEL SEBASTIAN; 399272; Gradilla Hernández, Misael Sebastián; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; González López, Martín Esteban; Chong, James P. J.; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Senés Guerrero, CarolinaMSW generation rate has been rapidly raising in the last decades and is expected to continue increasing, especially in developing countries. Globally, the organic fraction of the MSW (OFMSW) is the largest waste category. This waste stream is characterized by its high nutritional content that translates into high energy recovery potential. For this reason, anaerobic digestion (AD) has been proposed as a waste management (WM) strategy to treat the OFMSW. AD is a Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technology that allows to simultaneously recovery of energy from waste in the form of biogas, a mixture mainly composed of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and to recycle nutrients in the form of digestate, a liquid by-product with high potential for fertilization and soil amendment applications. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the biochemical methane potential of the OFMSW generated in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG), a large city in a developing country. This thesis presents a systematic review of the implementation of pilot and full-scale AD plants to treat the OFMSW in developing countries reported in the last ten years. The review aimed to analyze the literature gathered from a technical perspective focusing on the operating parameters, feedstock characteristics, and biogas, digestate, and energy production reported for each AD plant. In this work, a comparison of the implementation level of this technology in developing and developed countries was carried out to identify practices and lessons learned in developed countries that could be applied to AD plants in developing countries. The technical, economical, and political challenges identified surrounding the implementation of AD in developing countries were identified and discussed. As noted in this work, a large difference between the maturity of the technology between developing and developed countries was observed, the majority of AD plants in developing countries treat the OFMSW in mono-digestion with the purpose to obtain electricity; whereas in developed countries, AD systems treat this waste in co-digestion with different industrial waste streams and exploit the technology further from only generation electrical power, obtaining other high market-value products. This thesis also presents AD as a WM strategy to treat the organic fraction of the municipal solid waste generated in the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara (MAG) located in Mexico. In this work, an experimental approach to sample the OFMSW generated in different socioeconomic strata of the MAG and to evaluate its biochemical methane potential (BMP) at a lab-scale AD system is presented. From a microscale perspective, the microbiome was analyzed using high-throughput sequencing to assess the microbial dynamics and its relationship to the composition 8 of biogas generated throughout the assays. From a macroscale perspective, a multi-Gompertz kinetic model was used to describe the cumulative biogas production and to estimate the potential biogas and methane production of the OFMSW generated in the MAG. Furthermore, this estimation was used to assess the potential environmental, economic, and energetic benefits of implementing AD as the WM practice to treat the OFMSW in the MAG. As highlighted in this work, with a biochemical methane potential of 732.8 L·kg-1 VS, an estimated 8.5 MWh·year-1 of electrical power could be produced, representing a revenue of 1.13 million USD per year and a reduction in GHG emissions of 10,519 tonnes CO2eq·year-1 in the MAG. Anaerobic digestion represents an important opportunity for developing countries to shift to sustainable WM systems, especially in the case of the OFMSW, since this waste stream represents a large untapped potential source of clean energy. AD offers significant environmental and economic advantages as a WtE and WM practice that could help developing countries, like Mexico, reach their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction and clean energy generation goals. However, further research is required to harness the methanogenic potential of the OFMSW generated in the MAG. Opportunities to optimize the AD system from a microbiological and from an operational perspective, such as using other regional waste streams as co-feedstocks, should be explored. Different political, technical, and financial barriers are preventing the full-scale implementation of AD in developing countries, nonetheless, forming alliances in which the public, private and institutional sectors work together can help overcome these challenges.
- Life cycle assessment of bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse: A case study for Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-02-11) Zurita García, Lizbeth; ZURITA GARCIA, LIZBETH; 855284; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; Atilgan Turkmen, Burcin; Ramírez Mendoza, Ricardo Ambrocio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoAccording to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to 2030, significant efforts would be required to increase the production of more affordable and clean energies to achieve net-zero emissions in energy systems (SDG7), while executing climate actions (SDG13) to limit global temperature increases below 2°C. According to IEA (International Energy Agency), in 2018 transport represented the second most pollutant sector worldwide, with 25% (8,258 Mt CO2) of total CO2 emissions (33,513.3 Mt CO2) globally; therefore, its decarbonization has become one of the most challenging targets. Bioenergy represented one-tenth of the total primary energy supply worldwide, then it is considered a viable alternative to diversify the worldwide energy mix supply. Thus, second-generation biofuels will potentially play a more significant role in the transport sector. In Mexico, bioenergy represents 5% of total primary energy production. Therefore, this work aims to assess the environmental sustainability of bioethanol production from a second-generation feedstock as sugarcane bagasse. This research considered a novel integrated methodology based on a cradle-to-grave life cycle perspective, including four main stages: i) a systematic literature review, ii) data collection, iii) process simulation of the chemical conversion via gasification, iv) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (based on the ISO 14040-44 framework) interpretation, and v) validation of results. As part of the results, under a cradle-to-grave boundary, the carbon footprint was 26,689 kg CO2eq with a defined functional unit of 1,000 L of bioethanol. The majority of the CO2eq emissions were attributed to the bioethanol production with 25.3 % and use in vehicle stages with 68.7 %. As conclusions, the results obtained in this study and comparing with other studies suggest that Mexico has a great potential for producing second-generation biofuels. Nevertheless, plans and actions as scenarios, improvements, and further sustainability assessment, as proposed in this work, need to be considered in future work.