Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Exome variant analysis in 40 mexican pulmonary arterial hypertension patients(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12) Sánchez Pichardo, Brenda Eloisa; Treviño Alvarado, Víctor Manuel; emimmayorquin, emipsanchez; Tamez Peña, José Gerardo; Martínez Ledesma, Juan Emmanuel; Sánchez Díaz, Carlos Jerjes; Balderas Martínez, Yalbi Itzel; García Rivas, Gerardo de Jesús; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Estado de MéxicoPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and detrimental disease with a strong genetic component, yet most studies have focused on European or Asian populations. Consequently, little is known about the genetic landscape of PAH in Mexico or whether certain variants have been underrepresented due to ancestry bias in other datasets. This work integrates a set of bioinformatic tools to identify and interpret genetic variants from Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) data of 40 Mexican patients diagnosed with the disease. All patients were recruited by Dr. Carlos Jerjes Díaz Sánchez, the primary clinical col- laborator and data provider for this study. The workflow covered all major steps of data processing, including quality control, read mapping, variant calling, and annotation. These procedures were automated through a custom pipeline implemented in Nextflow, ensuring reproducibility. Subsequently, the analytical phase integrated domain-specific knowledge to interpret variant relevance. First, we systematically examined variants present in 21 PAH-related genes. Second, we explored additional variants based three computational methods: ClinVar annotations, Gene Ontology (GO) terms, and computational predictions. This approach enabled a comprehensive assessment of potential pathogenic variants. Among the 21 PAH-related genes, BMPR2 showed the strongest evidence of pathogenicity, with two variants classified as pathogenic and one of uncertain significance, represent- ing 8% of unrelated individuals. Variants of uncertain significance were also found in eight other PAH-related genes (NOTCH3, EDN1, KCNA5, NOS2, SMAD9, TBX4, and TOPBP1), distributed across 10 of the 39 patients. Additional variants with strong but partially conflicting evidence were identified in HPGDS, TLR4, HSPB9, and other genes. These findings reinforce the central role of BMPR2 in PAH while highlighting po- tential modulatory roles of additional genes involved in inflammation and stress response pathways. Notably, not a single variant was assigned to more than four patients, suggesting that most variants were recently acquired in the family or that those individuals are the first in their families.
- Diseño metodológico del protocolo “Impacto de la obesidad y la permeabilidad intestinal en la respuesta inmune ante infecciones virales respiratorias comunes en pacientes en edad escolar”(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-11-12) Robles García, Elías; González Castillo, Elena Cristina; mtyahinojosa, emipsanchez; Genevieve Brunck, Marion Emilie; Maravillas Montero, José Luis; Bustos Arriaga, José; Cepeda López, Ana Carla; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; Campus Monterrey; Tamez Rivera, OscarLa desregulación del sistema inmunológico inducida por mediadores inflamatorios y cambios metabólicos asociados con la obesidad conduce a una inflamación sistémica crónica conocida como metainflamación. Además, la obesidad contribuye a la disbiosis intestinal y a un ligero aumento en la permeabilidad intestinal, lo que facilita la translocación de componentes bacterianos hacia la circulación sistémica. Esto desencadena un estado de endotoxemia metabólica, que perpetúa la metainflamación y afecta negativamente la función de las células inmunitarias. Como consecuencia, se incrementa la susceptibilidad a infecciones virales respiratorias elevando el riesgo de desarrollar una enfermedad más grave y complicaciones posteriores a la infección. Por consiguiente, en este trabajo se llevó a cabo una caracterización fenotípica y funcional de células mononucleares de sangre periférica (PBMC) obtenidas de pacientes pediátricos en edad escolar (5–11 años) con diagnóstico de neumonía viral común, clasificados según su estado nutricional en normopeso u obesidad. Con el objetivo de caracterizar el perfil inmunológico, se analizó por citometría de flujo la proporción de linfocitos T (CD4+ y CD8+), linfocitos B, células NK y monocitos, así como la producción de citocinas proinflamatorias tras una estimulación in vitro con ionomicina y PMA o con LPS. Adicionalmente, se determinó el perfil de citocinas séricas mediante un ensayo multiparamétrico basado en perlas. Finalmente, como indicadores de permeabilidad intestinal, se midieron las concentraciones séricas de zonulina y proteína de unión a lipopolisacáridos (LBP) mediante ELISA. En este trabajo, se realizó la caracterización fenotípica y funcional de 4 pacientes reclutados entre diciembre de 2024 y julio de 2025: tres con normopeso y uno con obesidad. Los pacientes, con una edad promedio de 8 años, presentaron infecciones virales, incluyendo rinovirus en el paciente con obesidad, y parainfluenza 2, Metapneumovirus humano y una coinfección por CoV HKU1 y virus sincitial respiratorio en los pacientes sin obesidad. La estancia hospitalaria promedio fue de tres días y todos los pacientes necesitaron oxígeno suplementario. En este trabajo se logró generar el flujo de trabajo y estandarización y el análisis de la población general y sus funciones que contribuyen a la eliminación viral y la resolución de la enfermedad.
- Evaluación de la actividad del uniportador de calcio mitocondrial y el manejo del calcio mitocondrial en la función de la célula beta pancreática en un modelo in vitro de lipotoxicidad(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-11-11) Zamora Benavides, Nora Greys; Alves Figueiredo, Hugo Jorge; emimmayorquin, emipsanchez; Crispín Acuña, José Carlos; García Rovés González, Pablo M.; Vázquez Garza, Eduardo; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; Campus Monterrey; García Rivas, Gerardo de JesúsIntroducción: El manejo del calcio mitocondrial regulado por el Uniportador de calcio mitocondrial (MCU) ha demostrado desempeñar un rol importante en el proceso de secreción de insulina por la célula β pancreática. Este estudio investiga como en un ambiente pro-diabetogenico inducido por lipotoxicidad la desregulación del manejo de calcio mitocondrial conduce a la perdida de función y muerte de la célula β. Metodología: Para establecer un modelo in vitro de lipotoxicidad, células RIN5F (línea celular de células β pancreáticas de rata fueron expuestas a diferentes concentraciones de palmitato. La vitalidad y viabilidad fueron analizadas mediante Azul de Alamar y exclusión por azul de tripano, respectivamente. La actividad del MCU y las dinámicas del calcio mitocondrial fueron evaluadas por fluorometría, mientras que las especies reactivas de oxígeno (ERO) fueron medidas usando citometría de flujo. Para analizar la expresión proteica se realizó western blot, y la secreción de insulina mediante ELISA. Resultados: Después de 24 horas de exposición a 700 µM de palmitato, la viabilidad de las células β disminuyó en un 9%, mientras que la actividad metabólica cambió un 47%. La dinámica del calcio mitocondrial ([Ca²⁺]m) mostró alteraciones, al ser retenido menos del 41% y presentar una velocidad de captación 37% más lenta. Cambio que fue adjudicado a la pérdida de funcionalidad del MCU, debido a la ausencia de diferencias en el nivel de proteína expresada. Además, se documentó un aumento de 1.5 veces de EROs mitocondriales, destacando la ausencia de cambio en el ERO citosólico. Estas modificaciones mitocondriales se acompañaron de un marcado deterioro funcional en las células β, evidenciado por una reducción de 15 veces el contenido total de insulina, aunque la secreción de insulina estimulada por la glucosa no se vio afectada. Conclusión: Se demostró que la disfunción en el manejo del [Ca²⁺]m, más que cambios en los niveles del MCU, contribuye al deterioro funcional de la célula β pancreática. Estos hallazgos destacan la importancia del MCU como eje regulador de la homeostasis y sugiriéndolo como potencial blanco terapéutico para prolongar la función de la célula β en personas con obesidad.
- In vitro antibacterial activity of a coating with silver nanoparticles and amikacin on a PEEK cranial implant model(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-18) García Rubio, Gerardo Damián; Chuck Hernández, Cristina; emimmayorquin; Castro López, Cecilia; López Botello, Omar Eduardo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Martínez López, Jose IsraelInfections associated with cranial implants represent a large medical problem for surgery, driving the creation of innovative coatings to prevent bacterial colonization. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a coating based on silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and amikacin and assess in vitro its antibacterial activity. AgNPs were synthesized by the chemical reduction method, using sodium citrate (1% w/v) as reduction agent and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, 1.5% w/v) as a matrix controlling the nanoparticles release. To evaluate its activity, the AgNPs–amikacin formulations were applied as a thin coating on a PEEK model substrate. We evaluated antimicrobial efficacy against Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 in two stages. First, the broth microdilution assay demonstrated that at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 mM AgNO₃, CFUs were suppressed by over 90 %. Next, biofilm formation was assessed via the crystal violet viability assay, which likewise showed a greater than 90 % reduction in biofilm biomass at the same MIC. Even at sub‑MIC levels (½× and ¼×), AgNO₃ coatings maintained substantial activity, producing more than 75 % inhibition in both bacterial growth and biofilm development, indicative of a clear dose–response effect. The agar diffusion method achieved inhibition halos of 16 mm using the MIC. These results show that AgNPs–amikacin-CMC stabilized coating can suppress bacterial growth and biofilm formation of key pathogens in vitro effectively, plus the synthesis and application process is simple suggesting scalability for later biomedical use. To validate this dual-action coating as a preventative strategy for infection in cranial implant procedures, researchers should investigate in vivo, assay biocompatibility, and test durability further.
- Neuroimaging-based pain detector using artificial intelligence approaches(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-17) Macías Padilla, Brayhan Alan; Hernández Rojas, Luis Guillermo; emipsanchez; Ochoa Ruiz, Gilberto; Mendoza Montoya,Omar; Chailloux Peguero, Juan David; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Antelis Ortiz, Javier MauricioChronic pain is a complex, multifactorial experience that varies significantly across time, sex, and individual physiology. This thesis presents the development of a deep learning-based sys- tem for classifying pain-related brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) from a rodent model of a comorbid pain condition (masseter muscle inflammation fol- lowed by stress) that induces chronic visceral pain hypersensitivity (CPH). The proposed sys- tem evaluates the potential ofconvolutional neural networks (CNNs) to detect pain-associated neural patterns under different experimental conditions.Three variations of the VGG16 architecture were implemented and tested: a modified 2D VGG16 adapted to 3D volumes, a multiview 2D ensemble (M2D) fed with axial, sagittal, and coronal slices, and a fully 3D VGG16 model. After an initial benchmarking phase using data from rest sessions, the 3D VGG16 model was selected for subsequent experiments due to its consistent performance and the ability to learn from full volumetric input.Classification tasks involved multiple comparison scenarios, including sex differences, longitudinal progression of pain (from baseline to weeks 1 and week 7 after the CPH pro- cedure), and the impact of data selection strategies (full rest sessions vs. distension-specific volume extraction). Grad-CAM was used to provide anatomical interpretation of model at- tention, revealing consistent activation of pain-related brain regions such as the insular cortex, somatosensory cortex, thalamic nuclei, and prelimbic area, with marked differences observed between male and female subjects.The results demonstrate the feasibility of using deep neural networks, combined with explainable AI techniques, to decode and interpret pain-related patterns in fMRI data. Fur- thermore, the performance trends observed in classification tasks align with behavioral find- ings reported in the literature, supporting the potential of AI-driven neuroimaging analysis to uncover meaningful biological signatures of chronic pain.This study builds directly upon the work conducted by Da Silva et. al. [1], who previ- ously processed the same dataset to generate VMR representations and statistical t-maps from fMRI data. His analysis focused on identifying regions with significant activation differences between conditions using traditional statistical parametric mapping. Expanding on this foun- dation, the present research integrates deep learning methods, specifically 3D convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to classify experimental conditions directly from the fMRI volumes. Moreover, it incorporates explainable AI techniques (Grad-CAM) to reveal the spatial patterns most influential to classification. This approach offers a shift from region-centric hypothesis testing toward a data-driven, whole-brain interpretability framework, enabling the detection of distributed neural patterns that might not reach statistical significance individually but are collectively informative.
- Analysis of the efficacy of the hexanucleotide repeat expansion of the C9orf72 gene as a diagnostic biomarker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Mexican patients(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-13) Villalobos Loredo, Manuel Alejandro; Díaz Durán, Raquel Cuevas; emimmayorquin; Martínez Ledesma, Juan Emmanuel; Hernández Pérez, Jesús; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with significant genetic underpinnings, including the hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in the C9orf72 gene, a leading genetic cause of ALS in European populations. Despite its global relevance, the prevalence and diagnostic utility of C9orf72 HREs in Mexican ALS patients remain poorly characterized due to limited research in Latin America. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of C9orf72 HREs as a diagnostic biomarker for ALS in Mexican patients, employing repeat-primed PCR (RP-PCR) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) to analyze repeat lengths in 47 sporadic ALS patients and 7 healthy controls. Results revealed distinct repeat distributions, with the most common alleles being 2, 5, and 7 units in both cohorts. Notably, one patient carried a pathogenic expansion (>145 repeats), marking the first detection and successful sizing of C9orf72 HRE for ALS in Mexico. Statistical analyses demonstrated significant differences in allele distributions between patients and controls ( 𝒑<𝟎.𝟎𝟓), supporting the association of HREs with ALS pathogenesis. However, no correlation was found between repeat length and disease severity (𝑹𝟐=𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓), suggesting that expansion size may not predict clinical progression. This study successfully established a robust protocol for C9orf72 HRE detection in a Mexican cohort, addressing a critical gap in regional ALS research. The findings highlight the importance of population specific studies to refine diagnostic criteria and improve genetic counseling. While the low frequency of pathogenic expansions in this cohort suggests alternative genetic or environmental factors may dominate ALS etiology in Mexico, the demonstrated feasibility of RP-PCR and capillary electrophoresis paves the way for broader implementation of genetic testing in resource-limited settings. Future studies with larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and explore their implications for personalized medicine in Latin America.
- Heterologous expression, purification, and functional assessment of crotamine in E. coli using fusion tag strategies and cell-based assays(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-13) Arjona Galiano, Daniel Alejandro; Benavides Lozano, Jorge; emimmayorquin; Meléndez Martínez, David; Antunes Ricardo, Marilena; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Vargas Cortez, TeresaCrotamine is a peptide found in the venom of Crotalus durrisus terrificus, it has sparked interest in the scientific community because of its therapeutic potential, particularly because of its affinity to act on actively proliferating cells, acting as an anti-cancer agent. However, the research and possible applications of the peptide have been hindered by its availability, as it’s hard to get enough pure, and bioactive crotamine, as its natural source produces low quantities and recombinant methods have faced hurdles in having high yields and proper folding of the protein. This thesis aimed to develop and compare heterologous expression strategies to obtain crotamine using E. coli as the production vector, looking to obtain a scalable production method. The three plasmid designs were His6-MBP-Crotamine, His6-Crotamine, and Tagless-Crotamine. Each approach aimed to experiment on how the tags affect the solubility, yields, and purification process of the protein. Expression was done in E. coli BL21star, followed by cell lysis of the wet pellet, centrifugation to separate the soluble and insoluble fractions, Inmobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography (IMAC) to purify the peptide alongside its tags, TEV protease cleavage to remove the tags, and desalting of the product to lyophilize it into the final pure protein. Purity itself was confirmed through SDS-PAGE and yields quantified with BCA assay. Finally, the bioactivity of the purified crotamine was evaluated using MTS cell viability assays on Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells, human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells and human primary dermal fibroblasts (HDF-a). The results showed that the His6-MBP tag significantly increased the solubility of crotamine, obtaining 83% of the protein in the soluble fraction. However, purification of His6-MBP-Crotamine after TEV cleavage using IMAC proved difficult due to crotamine’s intrinsic affinity for the affinity column, resulting in low purity of 11% and an overall low yield of 44.4%, with a final amount of 4.44 mg/L of production. Meanwhile, the Tagless-Crotamine yielded the highest amount of protein, obtaining 17.71 mg/L between the soluble and insoluble fractions, with the purified insoluble fraction obtaining a purity of 85%. The bioactivity assays with the purified crotamine showed cytotoxicity towards HDF-a and Caco-2 cells, with no significant effect on MCF-7 cells, suggesting potential differences in activity compared to the native crotamine. The Tagless-Crotamine proved to be the most promising strategy as it offered higher yields, an easier purification process, and a bioactive crotamine; However, its effects on non-tumoral cells warrant further investigation into its structure and post-translational modifications to compare it with that of the native peptide. Still, this work provides a scalable approach for recombinant crotamine production that facilitates further research of the protein into its diverse therapeutic applications.
- Impacto de la obesidad materna de la rata sobre la composición de la leche: beneficios de la suplementación con un probiótico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-13) Esparza Hurtado, Natalia; Crispín Acuña, José Carlos; emipsanchez; Martagón Rosado, Alexandro José; Ibáñez Chávez, Carlos Alberto; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; Campus Monterrey; Zambrano Gonzále, ElenaAntecedentes: La obesidad materna está asociada a la disbiosis intestinal, con efectos negativos para la madre y su descendencia. La disbiosis influye en el metabolismo de la madre y la composición de la leche, impactando en la programación del desarrollo de las crías. Los probióticos tienen el potencial de mejorar la microbiota y el metabolismo de la madre, mitigando las alteraciones inducidas por la obesidad materna en madres y crías. Este estudio evaluó los efectos de la suplementación materna con Saccharomyces boulardii en el perfil metabólico materno, desarrollo de la glándula mamaria, composición de la leche materna y la adiposidad de las crías después del destete. Métodos: Ratas Wistar hembra fueron alimentas, ya sea con dieta control (C) o dieta alta en grasa (MO) desde el destete. Un mes antes del apareamiento y hasta el final de la lactancia, la mitad de cada grupo recibió 10x1011 UFC/día de la levadura probiótica Saccharomyces boulardii, formando cuatro grupos: C, CP. MO y MOP (n=5-6/grupo). A los 21 días de lactancia (DL) se evaluó en las madres la composición corporal, índice de adiposidad (IA) insulina, índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR) y adiponectina en suero, así como adiposidad de la glándula mamaria, composición nutrimental de la leche materna, y adiposidad de las crías. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante ANOVA de dos vías. Resultados: A los 21 DL, las madres MO presentaron un incremento en el IA, insulina, HOMA-IR y adiponectina en suero. Asimismo, se observó un aumento en el contenido de grasa y proteína de la leche, y adiposidad de la glándula mamaria en comparación con el grupo C. En contraste, el grupo MOP mostró una reducción en el IA, HOMA-IR y contenido de grasa en la leche, además de una menor adiposidad de la glándula mamaria en comparación con el grupo MO. Los grupos C y CP fueron semejantes entre sí en todos los parámetros. En las crías, en ambos sexos se observó un incremento en la cantidad de tejido adiposo subcutáneo en el grupo MO comparado con C. La suplementación probiótica disminuyó la adiposidad en el grupo MOP en comparación con MO, únicamente en hembras. Conclusión: La suplementación materna con S. boulardii pregestacional y perinatal mejoró la adiposidad y resistencia a la insulina materna, adiposidad de la glándula mamaria y composición de la leche, con efectos dimórficos en la adiposidad de las crías, sugiriendo un efecto protector durante la lactancia y demostrando los beneficios de esta intervención para mejorar la salud de la madre y de la descendencia en el contexto de obesidad materna
- Therapeutic potential of glucose oxidase loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles in ovarian cancer(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-12) Urióstegui Peña, Andrea Georgina; Paul, Sujay; emipsanchez; Sahare, Padmavati; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Luna Bárcenas, GabrielOvarian cancer (OC) represents ones of the most dangerous malignancies of the female reproductive system, claiming the lives of thousands of women worldwide. Rapid disease progression and non-efficient treatments that cause systemic toxicity offer opportunities for innovative technology to address these issues. Glucose oxidase (GOx) is an enzyme that converts glucose into D-gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thus being used as a starvation strategy for cancer cells. However, systemic toxicity, inadequate stability, and immunogenicity hinder the application of GOx in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology surges as a strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects when used as drug delivery systems (DDS). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) serve as nanocarriers owing to their elevated loading capacity, facile functionalization, extensive surface area, and biocompatibility. This study seeks to examine the impact of GOx-loaded MSNs in OC by assessing cytotoxicity and differential expression of genes associated with carcinogenesis. The immobilization of GOx onto MSNS was conducted using 3-aminopropiltrietoxysilane (APTES) and glutaraldehyde (GTA). This approach yielded an immobilization percentage of 49.24%, accompanied by a reduction in enzymatic activity in the nanoformulation relative to the free enzyme. Techniques such as FTIR, DLS, SEM/EDX, XRD and BET were employed to characterize the MSNs before and after their immobilization with GOx. In vitro cytotoxicity and target gene expression were evaluated in the SKOV3 cell line. The IC50 values for free and immobilized GOx were found to be 60.77 ng/mL and 111.6 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, a significant downregulation of the oncogene CTNNB1 was observed after 24 h of treatment with the nanoformulation. These findings represent the initial advancements in the application of GOx for ovarian cancer treatment.
- Exploring the research landscape of 3D printing in oral drug delivery systems for central nervous system diseases(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-10) Paipa Jabre Cantú, Samir Ibrahim; Rodríguez Salvador, Marisela; emimmayorquin; Tercero Gómez, Víctor Gustavo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Zhang, Y. ShrikeThe pharmaceutical industry faces increasing demands for innovative and personalized treatments that conventional manufacturing methods often struggle to meet. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) offers tailored solutions through customized oral drug delivery systems, enabling precise control over dosage, geometry, release kinetics, and gastrointestinal absorption—factors especially critical in therapies for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. This study applies a Competitive Technology Intelligence (CTI) approach to analyze advancements in 3DP for oral drug delivery, with a focus on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), Semi-Solid Extrusion (SSE), Stereolithography (SLA), Digital Light Processing (DLP), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Binder Jetting (BJ). FDM emerges as the most widely used technique due to its cost-effectiveness and versatility for thermostable drugs (e.g., carbamazepine), while SSE proves optimal for thermolabile compounds (e.g., levetiracetam) due to its room-temperature operation. SLA and DLP enable complex geometries for controlled release, and BJ supports scalable production, exemplified by the commercial formulation Spritam®. Key findings highlight patient-centric applications such as pediatric-friendly formulations (e.g., flavored orodispersible films), geriatric-adapted designs (e.g., easy-to-swallow tablets), and accessible formats for patients with disabilities (e.g.,Braille-marked pills). Current challenges include limitations in printable materials (e.g., polymer compatibility) and the lack of regulatory standardization. By mapping these technologies and their therapeutic implications, this thesis offersactionable insights for stakeholders in the pharmaceutical, healthcare, and 3DP sectors to support the development of personalized dosing strategies, combination therapies, and improved treatment adherence in CNS care.