Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Assessment of Alzheimer's disease-related blood and urine biomarkers for wastewater-based epidemiological studies(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Armenta Castro, A.; Aguilar Jiménez, Osear Alejandro; emimmayorquin; Montesinos Castellanos, Alejandro; Flores Tlacuahuac, Antonio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; de la Rosa Flores, Orlando DanielIncidence of Alzheimer's disease, the leading cause of dementia and the fifth cause of death among elderly patients, has been rapidly increasing in recent years due to continued demographic aging. However, access to diagnosis and adequate care remains limited, especially in low-to-middle income countries, leaving an approximate 41 million cases currently undiagnosed. Such limitations can crucially compromise the quality and availability of care that can be provided to those in need. Wastewater surveillance, which is based on the detection and quantification of biomarkers in wastewater samples, has emerged as a promising tool to assess public health in a time and resource-efficient manner, providing important information for public health authorities and healthcare providers when used in tandem with relevant socioeconomic data and clinical reports. While its potential for monitoring infectious diseases has been proven, efforts towards the integration of biomarkers of chronic and degenerative diseases into such surveillance platforms are still needed. This dissertation aims to evaluate the main biomarkers related to Alzheimer’s disease, including proteins, long non-coding RNAs, and oxidative stress biomarkers, for their integration into wastewater surveillance biomarkers. Moreover, machine learning-based algorithms to correlate the concentration of biomarkers in wastewater to the clinical reports of incidence of a disease were developed using SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in university campuses across Mexico as a relevant case study, to develop effective data analysis strategies to integrate wastewater surveillance data into epidemiological models that allow for public health risk assessment and forecasting. This dissertation contributes to the consolidation of wastewater surveillance as a tool for comprehensive public health risk assessment and data-driven decision-making by demonstrating a pipeline for the integration of new biomarkers into surveillance platforms and effective, easily-interpretable data integration.
- Evaluation of the biological activity of wounding stress-treated carrots on the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Castorena Ramírez, Mariana Denise; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel Alberto; emimmayorquin; Chuck Hernández, Cristina Elizabeth; Licona Cassani, Cuauhtémoc; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Rabadán Chávez, Griselda MericiaAdipose tissue is a complex multicellular organ that serves as both an energy reservoir and an endocrine organ responsible for maintaining energy homeostasis through a set of integrated endocrine and metabolic responses. By storing and mobilizing energy as needed, adipose tissue supports metabolic balance. Similarly, the gut microbiota—a complex intestinal microbial ecosystem—plays a critical role in metabolic health, impacting obesity through lipid metabolism, energy extraction, and inflammation modulation. Postharvest wounding stress, a type of abiotic stress induced by cutting followed by a storage period, has been shown to significantly increase the total phenolic content in carrots, particularly chlorogenic acid (CHA). Given the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesogenic effects of this dietary phytochemical, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of consuming carrots treated with wounding stress on diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated metabolic disorders in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard (SD) or hypercaloric diet (HD) supplemented with wounding stress-treated carrots (wsC) or nonstressed carrots (nsC) for 8 weeks. In HD-fed rats, daily consumption of 5 g of wsC (HDwsC) led to a significant decrease in body weight gain (18%) and total white adipose tissue (WAT) accumulation (9.7%) without changes in food or energy intake compared to the HD group. HD-wsC supplementation also improved fat mass distribution, with a significant increase in subcutaneous WAT (20%) and a decrease in visceral WAT (17.3%). These shifts in adipose tissue were consistent with improvements in lipid profiles, as the HD-wsC group showed increased HDL-c levels (40%) and reduced triglycerides (39%), total cholesterol (35%), LDL-c (8.3%), and VLDL-c (38.6%). Additionally, HD-wsC improved glucose metabolism, enhancing oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, as reflected in lowered AUC values (4.3% and 5.2%, respectively, vs. HD group). Microbiota analysis further revealed that HD-wsC partially alleviated gut dysbiosis, preserving microbial diversity, increasing beneficial bacteria like Butyricoccaceae, and reducing pathogenic bacteria such as Rickettsiaceae. These findings suggest that wounding stress treated-carrots may offer an effective dietary intervention for obesity management, acting through modulation of adipose tissue function, lipid profiles, and gut microbiota composition.
- Development and testing of Spirometer with pulmonary rehabilitation for patients of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-04) Perez Ortiz, Claudia Xochitl; Antelis Ortiz, Javier Mauricio; emimmayorquin; Mendoza Montoya, Omar; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Caraza Camacho, RicardoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is one of the most aggressive neurological diseases affecting the lower and upper motor neurons, it diseases and eventually kills the motor neurons, leaving the patient unable to walk, move, talk, and eventually breathe. For this reason, the main cause of death in ALS is respiratory failure. However ALS patients usually only see specialized health assistants every 2 to 3 months in ALS clinics. Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT) is a form of resistance workout for the lungs, and it has been found to increase survival in ALS individuals for 12 months. Spirometers, devices that measure lung capacity, could help patients measure their lung state, and adjust therapies accordingly at home. For this reason, an automatic spirometer prototype that can record the state of the lungs, adjust itself, and perform IMT rehabilitation in ALS patients is proposed. Results show that the proposed spirometer prototype could measure FVC and PEF with an average accuracy of 96.98% and 92.6% respectively, and could improve FVC by 13.7%, and FEV1 by 13.6% with inspiratory incentive training.
- Intelligent system for impedance stabilization of model cochlear implantable electrodes(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12) Buenrostro López, David; Chairez Oria, Jorge Isaac; emimmayorquin; HHuegel West, Joel; Perfecto Avalos, Yocanxóchitl; Ramírez Nava, Gerardo Julian; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Guadalajara; Aregueta Robles, UlisesThis thesis aimed to develop a neurostimulator for testing various stimulation strategies to stabi-lize electrode impedance in medical devices like cochlear implants. These devices have restored hearing to individuals with profound deafness. However, their performance is often hindered when the immune response leads to the formation of fibrous tissue around the electrodes, which increases impedance and can impair their function. Previous research suggests that early stages of the immune response can be modulated through electrical stimulation, but testing this hypothesis is difficult due to the need for multiple stimulation pulses, making it impractical. The challenge is compounded by the lack of stimula-tors that automatically switch between signals. This study focused on developing an electrostimulator that can autonomously alternate between signals without manual intervention, enabling faster test-ing of different strategies. Electrodes designed for cell culture were used to evaluate the stimulator’s performance. Fibroblast cells were cultured on these model electrodes to simulate the tissue response in vitro, mimicking the conditions of cochlear implant electrodes. The simulator was programmed to deliver 24 different signals over 12 hours, with each signal applied for 1 minute, followed by 30 min-utes of no stimulation. This automated sequence eliminates manual intervention, allowing for a more efficient process. The main outcome of this research was the development of a neurostimulator that can test several parameters for controlling tissue responses. In this case, the stabilization of electrode impedance, which can be affected by cellular interactions that lead to the formation of fibrotic tissue. Indeed, the capabilities of this technology extend beyond impedance stabilization. For instance, to test stimulation strategies to control neuronal behavior.
- Assessment of reconstruction accuracy for under-sampled 31P-MRS data using compressed sensing and a low-rank Hankel matrix completion approach(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12) García Quijano, Jossian Abimelec; Santos Díaz, Alejandro; emimmayorquin; Tamez Peña, José Gerardo; Montesinos Silva, Luis Arturo; Jiménes Ángeles, Luis; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyPhosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging (31P-MRS/MRSI) are techniques to evaluate energy metabolism in vivo, they are capable of measuring metabolites such as phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphate in muscle and brain tissue. Despite their capability, these techniques are not very often used in clinical settings due to the long acquisition times required. In recent years, compressed sensing has been widely used as an acceleration method for MRI signal acquisition and translated to MRS. In order to use it, one of the main criteria states that the aliasing resulting from the undersampling scheme must be incoherent, which is achieved using a pseudo-random sampling strategy. However, when a set of pseudo-random patterns are applied for the same acceleration factor, there is significant variability in the quality of the reconstructed signal. We present an evaluation of the influence of the under-sampling pattern in the quality of the signal reconstruction through a series of experiments in 31P-MRS data using the Low-rank Hankel matrix completion as the reconstruction method. Our results demonstrate that the reconstruction accuracy is heavily influenced by the selection of specific samples rather than the undersampling factor. Furthermore, the noise level in the signal has a more pronounced impact on reconstruction quality. Additionally, reconstruction accuracy is significantly correlated with the density of samples collected at early times, making it possible to set large time values to zero without producing any statistical difference for some cases.
- Evaluating Pre-trained Neural Networks in Deep Learning for Early Detection and Enhanced Screening of Cervical Pathology(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12) González Ortiz, Orlando; Muñoz Ubando, Luis Alberto; emimmayorquin; Raymundo Avilés, Arturo; Cerón López Universidad, Arturo Eduardo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Ochoa Ruiz, GilbertoThis document presents a research thesis for the Master in Computer Science (MCC) degree at Tecnologico de Monterrey. Cervical cancer remains a leading cause of mortality among women, particularly in low-resource regions where screening tools such as the Pap smear often fall short in early detection. This research explores the application of deep learning and pre-trained neural networks for the binary classification of cervical pathology, focusing on detecting dysplasia, specifically CIN2 and CIN3, as a potential prevention tool. We im- plemented multiple neural network models, including DenseNet, EfficientNet, MobileNet, and ResNet. The models were evaluated on two distinct datasets: one from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and another from the Zambrano Hospital. To as- sess the generalization capacity of these models, we employed a sequential training approach where the first batch was trained with IARC data and tested on a Zambrano Hospital batch, with subsequent tests progressively incorporating prior results. Each experiment was repeated over 10 iterations to calculate confidence intervals for the performance metrics. Our results demonstrate that DenseNet and EfficientNet outperformed other models, achieving superior sensitivity and accuracy compared to conventional Pap smear tests. These findings indicate that deep learning models hold promise as an affordable, effective cervical cancer screening tool in low-resource communities. Future work will focus on augmenting datasets through collaboration with healthcare institutions and exploring generative models such as GANs to improve model robustness and generalization.
- Interactive recipe suggestions for diet and allergen management: utilizing llaMA with HEI and DQI for healthier eating(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-11-15) Estrada Beltrán, Diego; González Mendoza, Miguel; emipsanchez; Gutiérrez Uribe, Janet Alejandra; Domínguez Uscanga, Astrid; Hinojosa Cervantes, Salvador Miguel; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyChoosing daily meals can be a complex and overwhelming task, especially when considering nutritional requirements, ingredient availability, preparation time, cooking complexity, dietary restrictions, and allergens. Inadequate nutrition is linked to a variety of health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and psychological disorders, highlighting the need for effective dietary management solutions. Existing machine learning approaches, such as food recommender systems, recipe generators, and recipe completion models, often focus on suggesting ingredients or generating recipes based on training data and with some ingredients to start from, but they typically do not address the challenge of creating complete daily meal plans that meet personalized nutritional needs. The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), including Meta’s LLaMA, OpenAI’s ChatGPT, and Google’s Gemini, offers a promising new avenue for enhancing personalized meal recommendations due to their accessibility and interactive capabilities. This thesis introduces a novel system that leverages LLaMA 3.1 combined with Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) to provide daily meal suggestions tailored to individual users’ nutritional profiles, dietary preferences, and allergen restrictions. Our system evaluates meal recommendations against established nutritional metrics such as the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and Diet Quality Index (DQI) to ensure they align with dietary guidelines and promote healthy eating. Through the integration of LLaMA’s advanced language understanding and RAG’s contextual retrieval capabilities, the system delivers precise, personalized, and accessible meal recommendations, offering a practical tool for improving dietary management and supporting healthier eating habits. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in addressing the complexities of meal planning, making it a valuable resource for individuals seeking to optimize their dietary choices through informed and interactive guidance.
- Aplicación de metodología Seis Sigma para reducir el porcentaje de piezas desperdicio por el defecto de "quemado" en los componentes de corona y piñón(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-01-17) Guerrero Flores, Carlos David; Temblador Pérez, María del Carmen; emimmayorquin; Castañares Márquez, Eduardo; Villarreal de Lira, Gilberto; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus MonterreyEl presente proyecto de innovación busca resolver una problemática que actualmente se presenta en una empresa automotriz, la cual se dedica a la manufactura de componentes automotrices para vehículos comerciales. La línea de producción donde se desarrolla el proyecto, tuvo un incremento de piezas scrap por un defecto en específico en 2 de sus principales productos, lo cual provocó pérdidas monetarias por tiempos muertos en inspección de planes de reacción, piezas desperdicio y adicionalmente aumentó el riesgo de enviar productos no conformes con su cliente final. Derivado de esto, se desarrolló un proyecto utilizando herramientas de Seis Sigma con la finalidad de ofrecer una solución a la empresa. Para lograr el éxito de este proyecto, se propone el uso de herramientas estadísticas y la metodología DMAIC para su documentación. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es implementar una mejora en el proceso para reducir al máximo posible el defecto actual que provoca piezas desperdicio, y asimismo, asegurar la calidad continua de la pieza implementando los controles necesarios y su respectiva documentación. El desenlace de este proyecto, pretende demostrar el cumplimiento de los objetivos establecidos mediante el uso correcto de las herramientas Seis Sigma propuestas, dentro de los tiempos acordados en la fase de planificación.
- Effects of thermal processes on physical, chemical, and nutraceutical properties of popcorn and popped sorghum(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-10) Robles Plata, Valery Tixian; ESCALANTE ABURTO, ANAYANSI; 210541; emipsanchez; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; Espinosa Ramírez, Johanan del Pino; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Chuck Hernández, Cristina ElizabethCorn and sorghum grains are a significant source of nutrition and phytochemical compounds. When those grains are popped with thermal methods, they represent a healthy alternative to the snacks available on the market, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.10%. Producing popped kernels as a snack involves different methods and technologies such as microwave, wet cooking, and recently hot air; those methods could induce changes in their physical and nutritional properties. However, there are no reports on the effect of different cooking methods on these non-conventional cereals. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects on physical, chemical, and nutraceutical properties of six different corn cultivars (Z. mays everta; blue, purple, red A, red B, black, and yellow) and two different cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L; red, and yellow) popped by microwave, wet cooking, and hot air. To evaluate physical and chemical analyses official methods were used. The nutraceutical profile included anthocyanins, bound, free, and total phenol. Chemical and nutraceutical analyses were performed before and after thermal processes. The findings elucidate that sorghum grains had the smallest dimensions and 1000-grains weight and higher flotation index with an average of 25.75 g and 14.49 %, respectively, compared with the results obtained from corn kernels 133.66 g of 1000-grains weight and 1.6% of flotation index. Variations among 1000-grain weights, flotation index, and dimensions impacted the yield and expansion volume of the popped kernels, obtaining the highest yield for corn at 91.15% and sorghum at 51.78% when they were popped with hot air. Changes were observed in the chemical and nutraceutical properties of corn and sorghum kernels after being processed by thermal methods. The percentages of protein and starches (total and digestible) increased around 2% and 23% in popped corn and 7% and 27% in sorghum, respectively. Total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins decreased after popping, averaging 43.26% and 42.91% in popped corn and 31.74% and 49.00% in sorghum. These results indicate that the nutraceutical properties of popped corn and sorghum are less affected when they are popped by the hot air method. The black corn had the highest physical, chemical, and nutraceutical parameters when treated using hot air, followed by sorghum varieties. Therefore, new lines of research can be developed based on these findings to produce snacks with high nutritional content.
- Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, comorbilidades y estado nutricio en adultos de consulta de Medicina Interna en un Hospital de Segundo Nivel de Atención(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-09) Esparza Sandoval, Alejandra Celina; SANCHEZ AVILA, MARIA TERESA; 3078424; Sánchez Ávila, María Teresa; Santos Flores, Jesús Melchor; emipsanchez; Sánchez Ávila, María Teresa; Fonseca Martínez, Sugely; Santos Flores, Jesús Melchor; Rodríguez Vidales, Edgar Paolo; Lara Jasso, Claudia Elena; Rickman Garza, Lupita Ivette; Arriaga Mata, Dorel Guadalupe; Olive Fox, María José; Sánchez Ávila, María Teresa; Cantú Pompa, Jaime Javier; Portillo Sánchez, Paola; Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud; Campus Monterrey; Fonseca Martínez, SugelyIntroducción: Los TCA son un importante problema de salud a nivel mundial y nacional, representan un conjunto de enfermedades que frecuentemente pueden pasar desapercibidas por el personal de salud. Por lo anterior, su incidencia y prevalencia suelen estar subestimadas. Con mayor frecuencia los TCA pueden presentarse en un contexto de obesidad y eso dificulta más su diagnóstico, lo que a su vez aumenta el riesgo de síndrome metabólico. La identificación e intervención temprana de pacientes con la coexistencia de estas patologías, podría ayudar a prevenir complicaciones asociadas a estos padecimientos y mejorar control de enfermedades crónico-degenerativas Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, observacional. Se invitó a participar a pacientes mayores de edad que acudieran a consulta externa de Medicina Interna en el Hospital General de Sabinas Hidalgo. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios BES y EAT-26, los cuales fueron contestados de forma individual por el paciente. Resultados: Se incluyeron 96 pacientes, 79.4% del sexo femenino y con una media de edad de 45 años. Se encontró una prevalencia de TPA del 16.5% y de AN/BN del 3.1%. Se demostró una asociación significativa de IMC elevado con prevalencia y gravedad de TPA, prevalencia de AN/BN. Así como mayor riesgo de desarrollar DM2 en pacientes con TPA. Conclusión: En el presente estudio se logró evidenciar una asociación significativa de los TCA con la obesidad y de TPA con DM2. Así mismo, se encontró asociación con la gravedad de la sintomatología del TPA. La asociación de AN/BN con un IMC elevado, destaca la importancia de mantener una sospecha diagnóstica alta en este grupo de pacientes con TCA restrictivos.
