Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- The effect of thymoquinone on key onco- and tumor suppressor miRNAs in HCT-15 colorectal cancer cell line(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-07-27) Estrada Meza, Carolina; Paul, Sujay; dnbsrp; Arvizu-Espinosa, María Goretti; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias (EIC); Campus Monterrey; Sharma, AshutoshCancer still a major global health concern and stands as one of the most fatal diseases in modern times, causing a considerable number of deaths each year. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most prevalent and deadly types of cancer in the world. Conventional cancer therapies often come with limitations, including high costs, limited accessibility, and severe side effects. Therefore, exploring alternative treatment approaches is crucial. Phytochemicals, naturally occurring bioactive compounds in plants, have shown promise in reducing the risk of various cancers and may serve as valuable additions to cancer prevention and treatment strategies. This study focused on the potential of thymoquinone (TQ), a compound found in Nigella sativa, as an antiproliferative agent in colon cancer cells. The study investigated the effect of TQ on microRNA (miRNA) expression, which plays a crucial role in regulating gene expression and is implicated in cancer. The antiproliferative activity of TQ was evaluated in HCT-15 colon cancer cells, and the expression pattern of key onco- and tumor suppressor miRNAs such as miR-34a-5p, let-7, miR-200a-5p, and miR-21-5p, as well as common target genes such as PTEN and BCL2 which are commonly dysregulated in cancer, were analyzed. The results highlighted the significant downregulation of miR-21-5p expression in TQ-treated cells, suggesting the potential of TQ to modulate this oncogenic miRNA. Additionally, a time-dependent inhibitory response to miR-21-5p was observed with TQ treatment. These findings support TQ's ability to prevent colon cancer cells from proliferating and its potential for modulating key miRNAs involved in cancer progression. Targeting miRNAs may hold promise as a therapeutic strategy for colon cancer. To better understand the underlying mechanisms and investigate TQ's potential as a therapy option for colon cancer, more study is required. This study represents the first investigation of TQ's effect on the expression profile of miRNAs in colon cancer cells.
- Synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) by Cupriavidus necator using nanoemulsified oils as a carbon source(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06-13) Martínez González, Sara; Sosa Hernández, Juan Eduardo; dnbsrp; Melchor Martínez, Elda Madai; Antonio Pérez, Aurora; Torres Huerta, Ana Laura; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Estado de México; Parra Saldívar, RobertoRising concern towards the global environmental crisis due to overuse of petroleum plastics and the rapid depletion of fossil fuels has created a renewed interest to biodegradable polymers. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are an example of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, produced from renewable raw materials mainly by bacteria such as C. necator H16, a non-pathogenic strain that has genetic features to be only dedicated to PHAs and no concomitant products, also has the highest PHAs yields being 90% of cell dry weight. Nonetheless, manufacturing of biosynthesis of PHA is limited by its high cost compared with petroleum-derived plastics. Therefore, several research groups have focused on producing PHA with high productivity and yields to reduce the overall costs. One of these strategies consists in selecting inexpensive alternatives as carbon sources of the fermentation medium such as vegetable oils and supplement them after the adaptation stage of the bacterial culture. This approach has enhanced the intracellular accumulation of PHAs in bacterial cells and the thermomechanical properties of the polymer, but at the same time, the addition of insoluble oil to aqueous growth medium has led to an uneven dispersion of particles that makes this carbon source unavailable to the cells. Hence, this thesis project for a Master’s Program in Nanotechnology as a general objective is to design stable multiphase systems for the synthesis of biopolymers through the formulation of nanoemulsified oils as a strategy of medium optimization. In addition, this study aims to elucidate whether the use of nanoemulsified oils could help microorganisms to have a greater capacity for substrate consumption, due to the unique properties of nanoemulsions such as small droplet size, exceptional stability, transparent appearance and tunable rheology and consequently increase the overall productivity of PHAs and potentiate the thermomechanical properties of the polymer. In the present work, it is theoretically postulated that canola oil nanoemulsion contribution consists in the increase of the incorporation and consequently utilization rate of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) excess presented on this nanoemulsion. Firstly, forcing Cupriavidus necator to switch to a fermentation pathway for the PHA biosynthesis, using as a fermentation-trigger, the LCFA excess and nutrient restriction (N, O, P, S, Mg). Secondly, shortening the lag time bacterium needs to liberate its biosurfactant in order to emulsify the canola oil, because an already nanoemulsion is being given to C. necator H16, then its lipases can be turned activated immediately by the nano-emulsified LCFA. Tirthly, canola oil nanoemulsion improvement comes with the LCFA incorporation-increase, thanks to the small nanoparticles which increase the total substrate area, it is justified, taking into consideration that bacteria lipases follow a no Michaelis-Menten kinetics, therefore lipase velocity rate is directly proportional to the total substrate area and do not for the substrate concentration. Regarding to the experimental approach, in the present work: formulation and characterization of emulsions were performed considering its further application as growth and PHA production media. The emulsifier that enabled kinetical stability was gum arabic even after autoclave sterilization process. Among the high energy methods used, the effect of the high-pressure disperser (Microfluidizer) on the particle size reduction was studied with respect to the rotor-stator type homogenizing disperser (Ultra-Turrax) achieving the highest (72.19 %) reduction at 4 % of oil and the lowest (38.68 %) one at 3% of oil content. In addition, the lowest particle size diameter of oil droplets was accomplished using the high-pressure disperser which was in the range of a nanoemulsion. With respect of the experimental strategy on biotechnological aspects, a first fed-batch bioreactor fermentation enabled the understanding of kinetic parameters to simulate using a Monod model, thus the next time the fructose concentration was increased 10-fold to and the experimental data adjusted to the predicted 30 g/L of biomass at 24 hours of the fermentation. Finally, the different levels of emulsification were assessed as growth media and microscopic characterization of gram stained C. necator H16 confirmed it, also the pellet area approach evaluating each stage of the biopolymer extraction gave a preliminary idea on a higher PHA production and also suggested suitable steps for the down streaming processing: biomass concentration, oil removal using ice-cold hexane, addition of a concentrated saline solution as emulsifier, and sodium hypochlorite to extract the biopolymer. This research sets a new and wide panorama on the applications of nanoemulsions in the field of biotechnology, in the future it is expected that this line of research includes the use of other microorganisms such as yeasts and fungi that utilize oil substrates. Also, the biosurfactant here explained in the proposed pathway that C. necator undergoes could be characterized.
- Genome-wide identification and in silico characterization of PEBP gene family in Avocado (Persea americana)(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-06-08) Rivas Morales, Sandra Elena; DIAZ DE LA GARZA, ROCIO ISABEL; 39462; Díaz de la Garza, Rocío Isabel; puemcuervo; Pereira Santana, Alejandro; Salazar González, Jorge Alberto; Rout, Nutan Prasad; Valiente Banuet, Juan Ignacio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Urrea López, RafaelAs key regulators of plant architecture, phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) integrate internal and environmental stimulus. That makes them interesting targets for biotechnological applications, especially in plant breeding. The six PEBP genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and a recently identified new member, gene AT5G01300, are considered as the model members, but there is a variable range of genes of the PEBP family in each species. Now at days, complete genome publications of non-model species like Persea americana have made it possible to explore the extension and function of this family. In this study, we aim to perform a manual curation of the PEBP genes in a variety and a cultivar of P. americana, place those genes in a phylogenetic context by comparison with different clades of the vegetal kingdom, and infer functionality. To do that, we performed a BLAST+ search against three P. Americana genomes, we characterized them in silico and reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships with other 13 species PEBP sequences in RAxML. We found 27 putative PEBP genes in P. americana classified in four sub-clades, FT-like, TFL-like, MFT-like, and a 4th sub-clade. The 4th sub-clade contains the most divergent sequences, including AT5G01300, with partial DPDxP and GHIR motifs, and was rarely found by other authors. Antecedents about the 4th clade show that the proteins from this clade are principally expressed in seed, bud, and flower, but functional characterization in Arabidopsis did not show any effect over flowering phenotype. On the other hand, characterization in silico of predicted PEBP proteins from P. americana, revealed a specific pattern in 4th clade proteins, meanwhile, the cis acting elements on the 2k bp up region, provided evidence of the functional 8 diversification between the 4th clade and the FT/TFL sub-clade and supported the closer relationship with the MFT-sub-clade found in the phylogeny. Based on our results we propose an HMM-based methodology to identify proteins from the PEBP family in plants. We also recognized a different group of PEBP genes with an unknown function, present in almost all the species we selected. Finally, this information could bring insights into the evolution of the flowering process in perennial species, contribute to the understanding of the role of the PEBP family in P. Americana and add information to the description of a new clade of PEBP proteins.
- Characterization and anti-inflammatory effects evaluation of chili oleoresin SNEDDS containing capsaicinoids(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-06-03) Nava Ochoa, Ana Emilia; Guajardo Flores, Daniel; tolmquevedo; Gutiérrez Uribe, Janet Alejandra; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Antunes Ricardo, MarilenaCapsaicinoids are the compounds found in chili plants (Capsicum genus) that confer the pungency to the plant. These have been evaluated due to their anti- inflammatory and analgesic effects as they act directly by binding to Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), responsible for the perception and sensation of pain. Transdermal application of these compounds has its side effects as these compounds produce irritation in skin and burning sensation. Therefore, this work is focused on implementing these compounds into self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for their potential of enhancing these compounds’ anti-inflammatory properties while reducing its side effects by changing its particle size and its properties. Oleoresins evaluated were obtained from Guajillo chili, Arbol chili and a synthesized oleoresin. Characterization and quantification of capsaicinoids on oleoresins were done by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detectors (HPLC- DAD) and they were reported as capsaicin equivalents. SNEDDS formulations stability was evaluated after 45 days and they were characterized by their particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index (PDI) on a Zetasizer. SNEDDS entrapment efficiency (%) was also evaluated by HPLC-DAD. Lastly, in vitro tests were done to indicate anti- inflammatory activity. RAW 264.7 cells were used to determine nitric oxide (NO) inhibition, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFa) were used to evaluate cellular uptake and a fluorescent activity assay kit was used to evaluate COX-2 inhibition. As a result, the major capsaicinoids found were capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin on Arbol oleoresin and four capsaicin analogues on the synthetic oleoresin. No capsaicinoids were found on Guajillo sample. Average entrapment efficiency was of 91.03%. Formulation stability was determined by PDI values which were lower than 0.500 on all samples and by zeta potential which showed an average of -18.98 mV, indicating formulation stability for both parameters. For cellular assays, RAW 264.7 cells showed no cytotoxicity from these compounds. Higher NO inhibition (%) was shown on SNEDDS formulation with synthetic oleoresin compared to normal oleoresins with an inhibition of 83.1 ± 1.99%. Synthetic oleoresin also showed the highest COX-2 inhibition with an activity of 79.19 ± 1.07%. Despite cellular uptake being higher on oleoresins, nanoemulsions showed a high cellular uptake of 21.18 ± 0.07% on synthetic SNEDDS formulations. This study showed the capability of oleoresins containing capsaicinoids incorporated into SNEDDS as anti- inflammatory agents. This type of formulations has the potential to be applied transdermally in order to be used on treatments for inflammation.
- Postbiotic effect evaluation of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum 299v lysates obtained through ultrasonication against common skin pathogenic bacteria(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-12-18) Gutiérrez Prieto, Blanca; Santacruz López, Yolanda Arlette; tolmquevedo; González-Valdez, José; Benavides Lozano, Jorge; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyThe skin microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms that reside on the human skin. There’s an important equilibrium and protection relationship among these microorganisms and the skin that is achieved through metabolite production, immunomodulation and colonization. Microbiota alterations result in dysbiosis, an imbalance in the microbial communities that is associated with the development of cutaneous diseases such as acne vulgaris, atopic dermatitis and impetigo. To recover the skin equilibrium, probiotic bacteria and postbiotic use are attractive approaches because of their role in disease modulation through possible elimination of pathogenic bacteria. Since postbiotics are molecules such as enzymes, proteins and soluble factors produced or released by the probiotic bacteria metabolism, there is less associated risk in comparison with administrating live bacteria through exogenous applications. The objective of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of postbiotics obtained from L. acidophilus and L. plantarum 299v lysates against the common skin pathogens Cutibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Lysates were obtained through ultrasonication (US) alone or a combination and freeze-thawing and US (FT+US). Antimicrobial activity of lysates, supernatants, non-lysed and heat-killed cells was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method and total protein of the lysates was quantified using the Bicinchoninic Acid assay. In this work, results confirm the significant antimicrobial activity of the ultrasonicated lysates of L. acidophilus against S. aureus and C. acnes, while L. plantarum 299 lysates only showed an effect against C. acnes. Also, the presence of acids is directly correlated with the formation of inhibition zones for L. plantarum 299v pH 3.8 supernatant. Lysates result in a complete loss of antimicrobial activity after heating at 80°C for 1.5 h, which suggests a possible denaturalization of antimicrobial peptides. It is concluded L. acidophilus and L. plantarum 299v postbiotics obtained through cellular lysis using sonication present a strain dependent antimicrobial effect that could be applied to prevent skin diseases such as acne vulgaris and atopic dermatitis.
- Development of a screening method for identifying potential aminoglycosides producers from a collection of environmental Actinobacteria(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-12-02) González Salazar, Luz Ángela; Licona Cassani, Cuauhtémoc; puelquio/tolmquevedo; Pacheco Moscoa, Adriana; De la Torre Zavala, Susana; Cruz Morales, Pablo; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus MonterreyNature represents an important source of molecules with relevant applications in agriculture, industrial and health. Although many efforts have been performed in the identification of new natural products, target, and efficient strategies to select NPs producers are still needed. Previous studies have shown that the intrinsic resistance of Actinobacteria that produce antimicrobial agents could be used as a systematic approach for the detection antibiotics producers. Therefore, the aim of this work was to test different resistance, molecular and bioinformatic analysis as selection criteria to identify possible candidates to produce aminoglycoside antibiotics. This is the first approach developed for this class of antibiotics. we generated a collection of environmental strains and standardized some conditions using model strain producers. We could standardize the procedure for molecular screening in model producers, but we did not find evidence of aminoglycoside producers for the environmental collection, this fact supported by resistance and bioinformatic analysis. According to this, an improved strategy was proposed combining field-directed sampling, an improved molecular screening, as well as the selection of bioinformatic tools with high detection sensibility to AGs BGCs. Additionally, a huge diversity of BGCs from other chemical families was observed according to the genome mining analysis. These results represent an opportunity to continue exploring the chemical diversity in Actinobacteria isolated from unique regions that can be studied as well as being the inspiration for the development of new screening protocols.
- Experimental and computational study of GelMA microgel generation and deformation using a microfluidic device(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-12-01) Taravatfard, Zahra; Martínez Chapa, Sergio Omar; qro /|bqrotbecerra/tolmquevedo; Ray, Mallar; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Madadelahi, MasoudGene editing is a technique through which DNA segments can be modified within the genome of a living organism. Despite the many potential applications, current gene editing techniques are still low-throughput and have several limitations. On one side, the conventional 2D cell culturing techniques suffer from low cell viability and proliferation. On the other side, transfection techniques commonly using exogenous materials lead to off-target effects in cells. Droplet-based microfluidic devices (DBMD) show great potential for gene editing. They allow precise single-cell manipulation, encapsulation and might eventually achieve high throughput. As an example, using a DBMD, cells encapsulated in GelMA microgels have kept viability and shown proliferation. Moreover, DBMD might play a key role in cell transfection. Particularly, mechanical squeeze of cells encapsulated in droplets and moving through a narrow channel favors the entrance of foreign materials into the cells. This thesis presents the design and implementation of droplet-based microfluidic systems for fabrication of monodisperse GelMA microgels. First, a DBMD was developed using three techniques of soft lithography, stereolithography, and cutter plotting and the comparison between the devices was conducted. Second, fabrication of both, solid-like as well as core-shell microgels with average size of 133.43±5 µm was demonstrated. It was shown the generated microgels have spherical morphology with pore size area of 23.28±6 um2. Finally, computer simulation was used to emulate microgel indentation (solid-like and core-shell) with or without cells; as well as the throughput of the designed confinement channel. From the indentation of particles, it was concluded that lower stiffnesses was obtained for core-shells in comparison to solid-like microgels. It is also shown that a 21% and 24 % deformation in microgels containing cells causes 30% and 40% deformation of encapsulated cells, respectively, vital in cells transfection-based confinement channel application. From computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, we observed the enhancement of the throughput of the device by selecting a longer confinement length. It is expected these preliminary results presented in this thesis will motivate other works that eventually lead to the development of efficient droplet-based microfluidic devices for cell transfection.
- Formulation and testing of biofertilizers obtained from native soil microbiota associated with strategic crops from arid zones of northern Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-06-15) Guardiola Marquez, Carlos Esteban; GUARDIOLA MARQUEZ, CARLOS ESTEBAN; 875808; Pacheco Moscoa, Adriana; tolmquevedo, emipsanchez; Treviño Alvarado, Victor; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Senés Guerrero, CarolinaAgriculture is a major contributor to environmental and soil degradation. Currently, crop areas are expanding to arid zones generating the challenge to maintain or increase plant production under drought conditions in a sustainable manner. The correct formulation and use of biofertilizers is a sustainable strategy to overcome this problem. Microorganisms play a fundamental role in improving nutrient uptake efficiency and increasing plant stress-tolerance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize and isolate native plant growth-promoting (PGP) microorganisms associated to six economically relevant crops in arid zones of northern Mexico, for the formulation and testing of crop-specific biofertilizers. Isolates were screened for different PGP attributes (N-fixation, P and K solubilization, and indole acetic acid (IAA) production) and candidates with the best performance were selected for MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry identification. Moreover, to understand the overall microbial community composition, MiSeq Illumina sequencing was used for bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) identification (Chapter 1). From the isolates, several Penicillium and Pseudomonas species were identified and described as potential candidates for arid zone biofertilizer formulation. Formulation and testing of self-made and commercial biofertilizers were conducted under seedbeds, to assess early plant response, and greenhouse and field conditions, to analyze plant yield (Chapter 2). Molasses was found to be a cheap culture media supplement for bacteria and vermicompost leachate, combined with PGP bacteria and AMF, achieved higher plant growth yields under 35% chemical fertilizer reduction. Early plant response to different microbial consortia was evaluated in maize where fungal consortia had greater effects on root development, while bacteria showed better results in shoot growth. Finally, a commercial biofertilizer based on the model AMF species Rhizophagus irregularis was tested on jalapeño pepper under 35% drought stress; a significant increase in fruit production was observed when plants were inoculated with the highest spore dose (1500 spores). In conclusion, the strategies applied in this study were useful to isolate and characterize soil microorganisms with PGP attributes from arid zones. Tests of commercial and self-made biofertilizers revealed that they can be implemented to reduce chemical fertilizer and water usage. These findings represent a starting point for the formulation of crop-specific biofertilizers and implementation of sustainable agricultural practices.
- Phytochemical and Nutraceutical Profiles of Blue Maize (Zea Mays) Hybrids Evaluated in Two Locations-Edición Única(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2010-12-01) Urías Peradlí, Marcos; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Othón; García Lara, Silverio; Gutiérrez Uribe, Janet Alejandra; Ramos Parra, Perla Azucena; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus MonterreyRecent years have seen an increased interest in blue maize (Zea mays) due to its proven nutraceutical properties. In recent times blue maize hybrids have been developed through a landrace starting point and by genetic improvement. These hybrids are being evaluated for their environmental stability and agronomic profile. With this objective, 25 promising hybrid blue maize crosses were selected from the improvement program at INIFAP-Bajío and planted in 2 contrasting environments located in the Bajío area and Morelia. The objective of this work was to evaluate the phytochemical and nutraceutical profiles of these hybrids and to select those with the best features. An initial bulk analysis was elaborated to elucidate any significant differences between both locations. Free and bound phenolic acids were evaluated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method as were their antioxidant capacity using the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) method. Bound ferulic acid content was determined by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and total monomeric anthocyanin content was determined by the pH differential method. Soluble carbohydrates, protein methods and biophysical properties like kernel color and endosperm texture were also determined. The results indicate a significant difference among the 25 genotypes evaluated. With a number of genotypes having free and bound phenolic acids content higher than those previously reported; their respective antioxidant capacities also showed high levels. Bound phenolic acid showed a significant difference between environments whereas anthocyanins were not affected by the environment. Soluble carbohydrate and soluble protein determination confirmed that white maize conversion retains key phytochemical properties. Results show a surprising correlation between chroma and anthocyanin content as well as for other kernel color measurements. Overall, the 25 hybrid blue maize genotypes evaluated were little influenced by the environment and retained high levels of health promoting phytochemicals and nutraceutical activity. A number of genotypes exhibited high phytochemical and nutraceutical profiles that can be used as a basis for crop improvement in further studies involving breeding blue maize. Especially genotype 22 which showed stability among regions and across most phytochemical traits, having high anthocyanin content, ferulic acid and antioxidant capacity.
- Metabolismo de folatos en frijol negro jamapa 81 (phaseolus vulgaris l.) durante germinación y desarrollo en simbiosis con rhizobium etli(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2009-12-01) Urrea López, Rafael; Urrea López, Rafael; 273180; Díaz de la Garza, Rocío Isabel; tolmquevedo; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus MonterreyEl tetrahidrofolato (THF) y sus derivados (folatos) participan en la transferencia de moléculas de un carbono en los organismos, y al no ser producidos por el hombre, es indispensable consumirlos de la dieta. En este estudio, se analizaron los niveles de folatos en semillas y diferentes tejidos de frijol negro durante germinación y desarrollo, inoculado con (+R) y sin (-R) R. etli, una bacteria nitrificante, así como con (+N2) y sin (-N2) fuente de nitrógeno. Para el análisis de folatos en frijol, se adaptaron e innovaron técnicas analíticas. Todos los tejidos presentaron THF, 5-metil-THF 5-formil-THF y 5,10-metenil-THF, este último excepto el embrión, siendo THF el más abundante. Los contenidos de folatos en semilla seca fueron en promedio 2.32 nmol/g. En germinación, los embriones +R presentaron 2.12 veces más folatos que los -R, y en los cotiledones el comportamiento fue inverso. Las plantas +R,-N2 presentaron mayores contenidos de folatos totales en casi todos los tejidos, siendo los jóvenes los que acumulan mayor cantidad. El 5-metil-THF monoglutamilado, clase con la menor afinidad a la retención celular, fue encontrado únicamente en raíz +R,-N2. Los resultados de esta investigación establecen los contenidos de folatos de una fuente importante en la dieta latinoamericana, demuestran que la deficiencia en nitrógeno ocasiona disminución en el pool de folatos en todos los tejidos, indican el efecto positivo de la simbiosis en todos los tejidos, y sugieren que al ser THF el principal folato presente en frijol, los contenidos de la vitamina pueden tener pérdidas importantes durante el procesado.