Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Quality assessment and validation of digital PCR (dPCR) for grapevine virus diagnosis(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-11) Hernández Pérez, Daniella María Joselyn; Díaz Lara, Alfredo; emipsanchez; Carrillo Tripp, Jimena; Rodríguez García, Manuel; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyGrapevine is a highly economically important crop in Mexico. However, it can be affected by several pathogens, including viruses that can cause significant crop losses. It is important to identify early the infected plants to manage the disease correctly and prevent economic losses. Traditional detection methods have drawbacks, such as limited sensibility and accuracy. Digital PCR (dPCR) is an innovative method that claims to be more sensitive and reproducible than the routine method for virus identification: quantitative PCR (qPCR). This study assesses reverse transcription dPCR (RT-dPCR) as a method for the detection and quantification of RNA grapevine viruses focusing on grapevine virus A (GVA), grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), and grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). This assessment was performed using positive controls and comparing the limit of detection (LoD) results of RT-dPCR against the results obtained by RT-qPCR. ANOVA results showed that the PCR technique (RT-dPCR or RT-qPCR) and the virus (GVA, GLFV, GPGV, and GLRaV-3) were statistically significant in the results of the comparison of LoD. Furthermore, the replicates were non-significant according to ANOVA, showing high repeatability in both RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR. Tukey test demonstrated that RT-dPCR is significantly more sensitive than RT-qPCR, with a statistically reliable difference of 95% trust, especially in low-viral-load viruses such GPGV, which detection showed also to be statistically different than the other viruses. Additionally, a field study was performed to identify the presence or absence of each virus in 45 grapevine samples evaluated with RT-qPCR and RT-dPCR. Several false negative results were generated by RT-qPCR, which only reported positive results to 62.5% of the GVA infected samples, 85.7% of the samples contaminated with GLRaV-3, 38.9% of GPGV positive samples and for GFLV only 12.5% of the infected samples were identified. These results confirm the effectiveness of RT-dPCR as a sensitive method for RNA virus detection in grapevine, enabling early diagnosis and optimal management of viral infections in grapevine crops.
- Circular economy: Tequila vinasse treatment for upcycling and downcycling(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-04) Ramos Reyes, María Fernanda; Gradilla Hernández, Misael Sebastián; Tuesta Popolizio, Diego A.; García Garcia, Christian Enrique; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; González López, Martin EstebanTequila is one of Mexico's most iconic distilled beverages, with a steadily growing industry that also embodies a significant cultural legacy. However, most tequila producers in the country face challenges in managing the waste generated during production due to the high costs of treatment and the low economic returns from by-products. This thesis begins by exploring the intricate relationships between tequila production and various industrial, environmental, and governmental sectors through a comprehensive mapping process. The second section examines the production of distillates, including bioethanol, tequila, and other alcoholic beverages, focusing on the treatment of substantial liquid waste known as vinasse, which is produced at a rate of 10-15 liters per liter of distilled product. This waste presents critical environmental challenges, such as eutrophication, soil pollution, and toxicity. A systematic review conducted in this thesis evaluates various pathways for valorizing distillery vinasse. The review includes 72 treatments involving ethanol industry vinasse, tequila vinasse, and their combinations with agro-industrial residues, categorized into three main valorization strategies: waste-to-energy, waste-to-food, and waste-to-product. Biotechnological treatments, such as two-stage anaerobic digestion and fungal anaerobic fermentation, achieved the highest yields and product diversity. Moreover, bacterial processes demonstrated significant potential for producing high-value products like polymers, enzymes, and proteins. The third part of this thesis is about an aerobic treatment in co-cultures and monocultures using strains like C. utilis, R. mucilaginosa, K. marxianus, A. niger, A. oryzae, and R. oligosporus were explored for contaminant removal and high-protein biomass production. The C. utilis and A. oryzae co-culture generated the best results at the tube scale, showing remotion up to 63.52% TN removal, 86.87% P removal, and 46.21% COD removal over 72 hours in the benchtop scale. A kinetic study modeled biomass growth using a biphasic Zwietering-modified Gompertz model, achieving a maximum protein of 47.27 g kg⁻¹. The thesis also explores other high-value products using this substrate, such as phenols, and the importance of these remotions.
- Tocopherol contribution to the resistance against storage pest Prostephanus truncatus in maize(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-02) Aguirre Espinoza, Carlos; García Lara, Silverio; emimmayorquin; Mora Vásquez, Soledad; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Gonzalez Rodriguez, America TzitzikiProstephanus truncatus infestation can cause losses as high as 80% on stored maize. Sources of resistance against this pest are related to the antioxidant capacity of the pericarp and aleurone layer structures, mainly due to phenolic acids content and their derivatives. Nonetheless, there is not enough information about the germ structure or the liposoluble antioxidants, such as tocopherols. To determine the contribution of tocopherols and liposoluble antioxidant capacity to the resistance against P. truncatus, thirteen genotypes of maize were tested in two confined bioassays (n=3). The first was to assess the susceptibility of each genotype. The second was with the enriched structure of the germ to gather information on damage and development of P. truncatus on this structure. Seven susceptibility parameters were recorded 7 and 60 days after infestation, and ten genotypes were selected based on a Susceptibility Selection Index, with five recognized as resistant and five as susceptible. HPLC-FLD was used to determine the content of tocopherols (δT, γT, and αT), and an ORAC assay was performed to measure the lipophilic antioxidant capacity among the ten genotypes selected. All Population 84 genotypes exhibited less damage by P. truncatus and were categorized as resistant. Three Population 84 genotypes were selected: P84C0Y (SI = 0.17), P84C4W (SI = 0.27; highest tocopherol content, 39.58 mg/kg; high L-AC, 429.04 μmol TE/g), and P84C4Y (SI = 0.51). Two selected genotypes previously recognized as susceptible were classified as resistant: Pink Creole (SI = 0.39; high tocopherol content 39.40 mg/kg; highest L-AC, 488.30 μmol TE/g) and Don Goyo (SI = 0.55). The most susceptible genotype was Red Creole (SI = 3.56; lowest L-AC, 205.48 μmol TE/g), the remaining 4 susceptible varieties selected were Peru2 (SI = 1.23), NAYA29B (SI = 1.07), Panchito (SI = 1.00; lowest tocopherol content, 11.21 mg/kg; low L-AC, 250.4 μmol TE/g), and Pozolero (SI = 0.97). Additionally, a strong correlation (p > 0.01) demonstrated that a short-length bioassay (7 days) can be comparable to a full-length bioassay (60 days). Both can measure a genotype susceptibility to P. truncatus based on weight loss, but only a full-length bioassay can provide information on adult emergence.
- Characterization of potential probiotic and postbiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from sourdough(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12-02) Caamaño Granados, Ana María; García Cayuela, Tomás; emipsanchez; Rodríguez Martínez, Verónica; García Gamboa, Ricardo; Ménde Galarraga, M. Paula; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyFermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from sourdough have been studied due to their technological and functional properties. LAB isolates from fermented food, such as sourdough, can have both probiotic and postbiotic potential. This work aimed to evaluate the probiotic and postbiotic potential of 18 LAB isolates obtained from spontaneous sourdough fermentation (BIOTEC collection) and compare them to commercial probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938. The probiotic screening was done with auto- and co-aggregation, antibiotic susceptibility, antimicrobial activity, and resistance to simulated digestion tests. Results suggest that the probiotic properties of the BIOTEC isolates are comparable to those of L. reuteri DSM 17938. Companilactobacillus paralimentarius BIOTEC031 excelled in all probiotic property assays. According to statistical analysis, 8 selected isolates exhibited representative probiotic properties of the BIOTEC isolates studied. From the selected BIOTEC isolates, live, pasteurized, and sterilized freeze-dried formulations at 40 mg/mL were prepared. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of the 24 formulations was evaluated with ABTS inhibition, DPPH inhibition, in vitro hyaluronidase inhibition, and nitric oxide radical scavenging capacity assays. The BIOTEC live, pasteurized, and sterilized formulations exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity to a certain extent. However, the inactivated formulations overcame the live formulation, implying their postbiotic potential. The sterilized formulations had the highest percentages. Companilactobacillus paralimentarius BIOTEC033 in its pasteurized and sterilized forms performed notably well. It is hypothesized that the inactivation method can affect an isolate’s biological activity, is certain properties were enhanced after heat treatment. However, more research and clinical evidence are needed to categorize the LAB BIOTEC isolates as probiotics or postbiotics. Nevertheless, the BIOTEC isolates and their freeze-dried formulations have potential applications in the food, supplement, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries.
- Natural extract rich in betalains and polyphenols from Bougainvillea glabra bracts as natural pigments with antioxidant and antiproliferative activities(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-11-29) Leal Alcazar, Mariana Cristina; Luna Vital, Diego Armando; emipsanchez; Mata Gómez, Marco Arnulfo; Escalante Aburto, Anayansi; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Rocha Pizaña, María del RefugioBetalains are a group of nitrogenous compounds produced by plants of the Caryophyllales order, as secondary metabolites derived from betalamic acid, characterized by their vibrant coloration in fruits, bracts, and leaves (red-violet, yellow). Their technological importance relies on their role as natural pigments, and high bioactivity potential (free-radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, gene regulators, and anti-diabetic properties), however, betalain sources have been limited to widely studied Beta vulgaris (beetroot). Polyphenols are the most abundant secondary metabolites and are characterized by a phenolic ring linked to a hydroxyl group in a complex structure, they can be found in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. They are widely recognized as pigments with antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation activity, and a strong association with the gut microbiome. Bougainvillea glabra is an ornamental species of the family Nyctaginaceae, widely cultivated in Latin America, characterized for its intense bract coloration, still, its application as a functional ingredient and bioactive compound source remains understudied. The primary objective of the investigation was to evaluate the biological and technological potential of an extract rich in betalains and phenolic compounds from the industrially underexploited bracts of Bougainvillea glabra. B. glabra extract (BGE) was obtained using solid-liquid ultrasound-assisted extraction. The total betalain content in BGE was 0.118 mg total betalain content (TBC) per mg of bract powder, while the total polyphenol content was determined as 0.002 mg of TPC per meg of bract powder. The identification of phytochemicals was performed by UPLC chromatography linked to mass spectrometry in both targeted and untargeted metabolomic analysis. BGE scavenged ABTS radical with inhibition (p < 0.05) values ranging from 149-180 μM Trolox equivalents, an α-amylase test inhibition revealed a 27.9 % inhibition (p < 0.05) by BGE at 5 mg/mL. BGE had selective cytotoxicity effects of 30% GIE (growth inhibitory effect) on the Caco-2 cell line. BGE showed synergistic in vitro effects with cisplatin on Caco-2 cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy processes.
- Effects of thermal processes on physical, chemical, and nutraceutical properties of popcorn and popped sorghum(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-10) Robles Plata, Valery Tixian; ESCALANTE ABURTO, ANAYANSI; 210541; emipsanchez; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; Espinosa Ramírez, Johanan del Pino; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Chuck Hernández, Cristina ElizabethCorn and sorghum grains are a significant source of nutrition and phytochemical compounds. When those grains are popped with thermal methods, they represent a healthy alternative to the snacks available on the market, with a compound annual growth rate of 11.10%. Producing popped kernels as a snack involves different methods and technologies such as microwave, wet cooking, and recently hot air; those methods could induce changes in their physical and nutritional properties. However, there are no reports on the effect of different cooking methods on these non-conventional cereals. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects on physical, chemical, and nutraceutical properties of six different corn cultivars (Z. mays everta; blue, purple, red A, red B, black, and yellow) and two different cultivars of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L; red, and yellow) popped by microwave, wet cooking, and hot air. To evaluate physical and chemical analyses official methods were used. The nutraceutical profile included anthocyanins, bound, free, and total phenol. Chemical and nutraceutical analyses were performed before and after thermal processes. The findings elucidate that sorghum grains had the smallest dimensions and 1000-grains weight and higher flotation index with an average of 25.75 g and 14.49 %, respectively, compared with the results obtained from corn kernels 133.66 g of 1000-grains weight and 1.6% of flotation index. Variations among 1000-grain weights, flotation index, and dimensions impacted the yield and expansion volume of the popped kernels, obtaining the highest yield for corn at 91.15% and sorghum at 51.78% when they were popped with hot air. Changes were observed in the chemical and nutraceutical properties of corn and sorghum kernels after being processed by thermal methods. The percentages of protein and starches (total and digestible) increased around 2% and 23% in popped corn and 7% and 27% in sorghum, respectively. Total phenolic compounds and anthocyanins decreased after popping, averaging 43.26% and 42.91% in popped corn and 31.74% and 49.00% in sorghum. These results indicate that the nutraceutical properties of popped corn and sorghum are less affected when they are popped by the hot air method. The black corn had the highest physical, chemical, and nutraceutical parameters when treated using hot air, followed by sorghum varieties. Therefore, new lines of research can be developed based on these findings to produce snacks with high nutritional content.
- The use of multispectral images and deep learning models for agriculture: the application on Agave(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-12) Montán López, José Alberto; FALCON MORALES, LUIS EDUARDO; 168959; Falcón Morales, Luis Eduardo; puelquio, emipsanchez; Sánchez Ante, Gildardo; Roshan Biswal, Rajesh; Sossa Azuela, Huan Humberto; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Estado de MéxicoAgave is an important plant for Mexico, country considered as center of biological diversity of agave, in addition, one variety is used for production of tequila, an important product that brings money to the country. Demand of product has led farmers to pay more attention to plantation and to reduce quality. We can find several solutions regarding agricultural filed such as identification of weed and classification of species implementing aerial imagery along with machine and deep learning reaching good results. However, there are few solutions applied directly on agaves to monitor they health. Moreover, there is not a public dataset about agaves for the purpose of this work, for this reason we have worked to collect data using a drone equipped with a multispectral camera capable to capture five different channels of a different wavelength of the light spectrum. This dataset contains 7ha of agave information into five channels provided by the multispectral camera as well as three Vegetation Indices that were computed from the multispectral bands. In this work, we explore the use of recent deep learning (DL) algorithms as well as traditional machine learning (ML) algorithms to segment agaves based on health using aerial multispectral images. On the experiments we found out that ML algorithms were able to segment just one of the two classes defined for agaves. On the experiments of DL models we could define the size of the images we wanted to train where a size of 500x500 was the best for this problem. Experiments for both types of algorithms were done using many combinations of channels such as use just vegetation indices or using all available bands on the dataset. On the other hand, Vision Transformer (ViT) Segmenter model reached an accuracy of 92.96% using vegetation indices data while the best ML algorithm was Random Forest using the five bands captured by the drone reaching 88.06% accuracy. We also test the models using traditional RGB images to compare against multispectral images and see if there is an actual advantage on the use of this type of technology. Results show us that when we introduce the variable of health into agaves, i.e. we have two classes of agaves, models that have additional bands can get better results. Thus, the use of multispectal images actually increase the performance of all models, including ML and DL, for identification of more than one class of agave.
- Effect of ultraound on protein extraction, functionality, and antinutrients of sovent-defatted sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) flour(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-11-14) Cordero Clavijo, Luis Mateo; Serna Saldivar, Sergio Román Othón; 3598; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; del Pino Espinosa Ramírez, Johanan; Lazo Vélez, Marco Antonio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Chuck Hernández, Cristina ElizabethChronic-degenerative diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer represented more than 75% of global deaths of year 2020 before the COVID- 19 pandemic. In this regard, malnutrition is one of the major driving factors. Proteins are key macronutrients involved in several biological process, nevertheless there are still several low- and middle-income countries where populations do not have access to high quality proteins. On the other hand, the highly consumed animal proteins also contribute to the previously mentioned health problems due to its contents of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, Sacha Inchi is an underutilized ancient Inca crop, whose edible seeds are high in oil (45-51%) especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein (25-28%), and an array of important phytochemicals. After oil extraction or removal, normally by mechanical pressing of seeds, the residue is a protein-rich flour. Interestingly, the Sacha Inchi pressed cake has been previously reported to be rich in essential amino acids, predominantly tryptophan a fundamental precursor of neurotransmitters. Nevertheless, there are several protease inhibitors previously characterized from vegetable protein matrices. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound to extract Sacha Inchi protein, while reducing its anti- nutrients content without affecting its protein quality. In this work, a 55% extraction yield of protein from solvent-defatted Sacha Inchi flour was achieved using ultrasound (15 minutes, at 1 cycle with an amplitude of 100%) under alkaline conditions (pH 11). Moreover, all the treatments assayed resulted in significative reductions of trypsin inhibitors (less than 20% of their original content); meaning that all the ultrasound- assisted protein extracts obtained herein were safe for human consumption. Likewise, alkaline extracts showed important increases on their essential amino acids, especially Tryptophan (3.4-3.8 grams/ 100 grams of protein). Regarding the in vitro protein digestibility, all the ultrasound-assisted under alkaline conditions protein extracts had significantly better protein digestibility (>82%) compared to other pulses and plant-based proteins. Finally, the techno-functional properties suggested that protein extracted from Sacha Inchi using ultrasound could be used as an adequate ingredient in formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals, especially beverages.
- A plant-wide analysis of an industrial flocculation process in biomanufacturing(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-07-26) Malacara Becerra, Alonso; Parra Saldívar, Roberto; puemcuervo; Mansouri, Seyed Soheil; Sosa Hernández, Juan Eduardo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Melchor Martínez, Elda MadaiThis master thesis project is a case-study of the biomass dewatering operations of the industrial waste treatment plant (iWTP) that is shared by the biotech companies Novozymes A/S and Novo Nordisk A/S in Kalundborg, Denmark. More than 4000 m3 of biomass sludge are dewatered every day in the plant using decanter centrifuges. The biomass sludge is a mix of spent biomass from the biotech production and waste activated sludge. The concentrated cake is sold to an external biogas facility and the clarified liquid remains in the plant for removal of the remaining pollutants. The efficiency of this separation depends largely on chemical dosing with a coagulant and a flocculant solution. The composition of the biomass sludge is subject of the changing biotech production upstream, which difficults optimization of the chemical dosing. Moreover, the particle processes in complex dynamic systems such as decanter centrifuges are poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this project was to develop and test tools to aid on the monitoring, study and decision-making in the dewatering of biomass sludge. Several steps were followed to accomplish this. First, an on-line degassing system and a Random Forests prediction model were integrated into an on-line sensor for determination of reject water quality. The Random Forests model was trained with color features and total suspended solids (TSS) measurements of degassed reject water (dRW). Next a measuring campaign was carried out over 15 production batches to collect data from samples of biomass sludge before and after dewatering. Novel technology from ParticleTech® was used to collect particle images from these samples. The images were used to build and train an image analysis pipeline for the clustering of particles based on their morphology. Additionally, the new particle data was used to study the influence of pH and polymer dose on the particle population of the of the biomass sludge, as well as to find associations between particle cluster removal and reject water quality. The best prediction model achieved an accuracy of 80.81% on the prediction of TSS of dRW using the three color features that define the HSV color space. This system can potentially save time on the decanter optimization procedure. However, more data and re-training of the model are necessary before full-scale implementation. Clustering of particles images resulted in the identification of 10 main particle sub-populations. The study of flocculation based on the particle clusters showed a strong association between the removal of TSS in reject water and the removal of the larger particles from cluster K9. The removal of this cluster was also highly sensitive to polymer dose, benefiting from polymer overdosing most of the times. Thus, morphology-based data was demonstrated to be a new source of information that can potentially help elucidate the particle processes associated to the dewatering of the biomass sludge. This project was carried out within the frame of the Helix Lab Fellowship Program.
- Modeling growth kinetics and community interactions in microalgal monocultures and co-cultures for bioremediation of anaerobically digested swine wastewater(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-07-21) Palafox Sola, María Fernanda; Gradilla Hernández, Misael Sebastían; dnbsrp; Yebra-Montes, Carlos; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Guadalajara; González López, Martín EstebanThe pork production industry generates high annual volumes of swine wastewater that increase proportionally to the global demand for pork meat. Incorrect handling and discharge of swine wastewater causes the eutrophication of water bodies as well as soil and air pollution. Microalgal-based wastewater treatment has been proposed as a cost-effective alternative to traditional treatment methods. It also possess several environmental benefits and offers the opportunity to harvest valuable biomass, thus making wastewater treatment a biocircular economy process. Additionally, microalgae can be used in either primary or secondary wastewater treatments, as they allow for the simultaneous removal of nutrients (TN - total nitrogen and TP - total phosphorus) and organic matter. Most of the existing research is based on laboratory cultures under highly controlled conditions and with previous modification of the substrate, either by applying dilution or sterilization. However, these practices make full-scale implementation complex and cost-elevated. Three microalgal strains, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus acutus and Arthrospira maxima, were monocultured and co-cultured in raw (undiluted, non-sterelized) anaerobically digested swine wastewater. An overall performance index showed that all of the treatments that included C. vulgaris were the most efficient in terms of biomass production, along with COD and nutrient removal. The co-culture of C. vulgaris and S. acutus achieved the highest OPI of 0.68, displaying 9 biomass folds, a production of 2.97 ± 0.36 gL-1, as well as 89%, 56% and 67% removal efficiencies for COD, TN and TP, respectively. Additionally, three mathematical models were used to calculate relevant growth kinetic parameters, including the specific growth rate, lag-phase duration, interspecific interaction, affinity constant and biomass productivity. C. vulgaris monoculture kinetics were adjusted using a double Gompertz model, showing a maximum growth rate (µ2) of 0.89 days-1 and a lag phase (λ2) of 9.69 days. The Lotka-Volterra model was used to assess interactions between both strains in the co-culture, showing a commensalistic relationship between C. vulgaris and S. acutus, as denoted by the interspecific paramaters βcs = 1.99 ± 0.92 and βsc = -0.007 ± 0.008. Finally, the growth kinetics as a function of the three substrates (COD, TN and TP) were adjusted to the monod model, and the resulting parameters were used in a dynamics simulation of the inside of a continuously stirred reactor tank. A SOWT (strenghts, opportunities, weaknesses and threats) analysis was developed to assess the feasibility of MbWT implementation at industrial level. MbWT is an efficient solution for the treatment of SWW, however, further research in pilot or full-scale systems is still required to move towards full-scale industry implementation. Therefore, the results of the present work presented herein should be applied to eventually make MbWT a viable circular bioeconomy solution to SWW management in Mexico and other developing countries around the world.
