Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Fate of aflatoxins in dry and wet-milled fractions of aspergillus flavus contaminated corn(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-11) Hernández Carrizales, Lucero Abigail; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; emipsanchez; Pérez Carrillo, Esther; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; García Lara, SilverioMaize is vulnerable to aflatoxins (AFs) contamination from the field to grain storage. Therefore, it has become a common food safety problem in the food industry. This project investigated the distribution fate of total AFs in dry and wet milled products and coproducts obtained from Aspergillus flavus contaminated maize and the concomitant effects on chemical and functional properties of derived products. White commercial maize was inoculated with A. flavus to produce AFs and then it was processed through milling protocols at laboratory scale. Quantification of AFs was determined by immunoassay and chemical properties (moisture, crude protein, crude fat, minerals) of dry and wet-milled products were determined using standard methods. Results of the dry milling process showed differences in contamination among products being hominy feed the fraction with the highest AFs content (1127.63 ppb per production yield). The main product of this milling process, brewing grits (grits +60), contained approximately 1.05% of the AF present in the whole grain. Protein content increased in grits +35, corn meal and corn flour, whereas the crude fat increased only in grits +20. Wet milling reduced 98% of the total AFs in prime starch. The starch was not significantly affected in terms of pasting properties and macronutrients when compared to the control or uncontaminated maize counterpart. The fiber fractions concentrated the AFs and had lower values of protein. In summary, the dry milling process obtained fractions differing in Afs. Fortunately, the refined brewing grits contained the lowest amounts and contamination did not significantly affected chemical properties. On the other hand, the wet milling process reduce the AFs in the prime starch, but not in fiber fractions. The overall conclusion is that both milling procedures benefited the AFs in the main products, refined grits and prime starch.
- Effect of ultraound on protein extraction, functionality, and antinutrients of sovent-defatted sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) flour(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-11-14) Cordero Clavijo, Luis Mateo; Serna Saldivar, Sergio Román Othón; 3598; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; del Pino Espinosa Ramírez, Johanan; Lazo Vélez, Marco Antonio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Chuck Hernández, Cristina ElizabethChronic-degenerative diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and cancer represented more than 75% of global deaths of year 2020 before the COVID- 19 pandemic. In this regard, malnutrition is one of the major driving factors. Proteins are key macronutrients involved in several biological process, nevertheless there are still several low- and middle-income countries where populations do not have access to high quality proteins. On the other hand, the highly consumed animal proteins also contribute to the previously mentioned health problems due to its contents of cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. Furthermore, Sacha Inchi is an underutilized ancient Inca crop, whose edible seeds are high in oil (45-51%) especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein (25-28%), and an array of important phytochemicals. After oil extraction or removal, normally by mechanical pressing of seeds, the residue is a protein-rich flour. Interestingly, the Sacha Inchi pressed cake has been previously reported to be rich in essential amino acids, predominantly tryptophan a fundamental precursor of neurotransmitters. Nevertheless, there are several protease inhibitors previously characterized from vegetable protein matrices. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound to extract Sacha Inchi protein, while reducing its anti- nutrients content without affecting its protein quality. In this work, a 55% extraction yield of protein from solvent-defatted Sacha Inchi flour was achieved using ultrasound (15 minutes, at 1 cycle with an amplitude of 100%) under alkaline conditions (pH 11). Moreover, all the treatments assayed resulted in significative reductions of trypsin inhibitors (less than 20% of their original content); meaning that all the ultrasound- assisted protein extracts obtained herein were safe for human consumption. Likewise, alkaline extracts showed important increases on their essential amino acids, especially Tryptophan (3.4-3.8 grams/ 100 grams of protein). Regarding the in vitro protein digestibility, all the ultrasound-assisted under alkaline conditions protein extracts had significantly better protein digestibility (>82%) compared to other pulses and plant-based proteins. Finally, the techno-functional properties suggested that protein extracted from Sacha Inchi using ultrasound could be used as an adequate ingredient in formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals, especially beverages.
- Extraction and evaluation of glucosinolates from broccoli (Brassica oleracea) seeds and the scale-up evaluation for industrial production(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06-03) Bojórquez Rodríguez, Erika Melissa; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puemcuervo, emimayorquin; Guajardo Flores, Daniel; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel AlbertoBroccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica) is a popular vegetable with unique nutritional characteristics. During the last decade, the consumption of broccoli increased since it has shown great potential to prevent and treat different chronic- degenerative diseases. These characteristics are mainly due to glucosinolates (sulfur-containing glycosides) and their enzymatic degradation metabolites (isothiocyanates). Despite all these beneficial effects, glucosinolates have shown low stability during digestive process, absorbing just a little part of the fraction consumed. Moreover, due to the properties of glucosinolates against chronic diseases, dietary supplements rich in these compounds have been developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate different bioprocess conditions for the extraction of glucosinolates from broccoli (brassica oleracea) and use the extracted compounds for the formulation of a dietary supplement. The first study evaluated combinations of temperature (15, 25, 40, 55, 64 oC), ethanol-water concentration (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), and sample:solvent ratio (1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:35 w/v) on the extraction of glucosinolates from broccoli sprouts. Glucosinolates were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to photodiode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The treatment with 40oC, 50% ethanol/water (v/v), 1:35 (w/v) in broccoli sprouts generated the highest extraction of total glucosinolates (100,094 ± 9016 mg/kg 6 DW). Results indicated that ethanol percentage was the factor that had the greatest impact on glucosinolate extraction (p<0.05). In the second study, the aim was to obtain an extract rich in glucosinolates from broccoli seeds using the optimal conditions obtained from the first study. The extract was incorporated into a capsule formulation and further characterization of the capsule using in vitro digestion techniques and stability test. Results indicated that the total glucosinolate concentration was 66,874 mg/kg DW for broccoli seed extract and 33,818 mg/kg DW for the formulated powder. Furthermore, the in vitro digestion was performed comparing dried seeds, extract from broccoli seeds and the formulated capsule. Loses in all levels of individual and total glucosinolates were found, considering the fractions submitted to digestion., finding that the formulated capsule was the one that showed the highest final glucosinolate concentration for all the identified compounds. Furthermore, stability test was carried out using the formulated capsule, at 25 and 40oC for thirty days. Results showed that there were not significant changes in contents of the bioactives when compared with the initial time (p<0.05). With the results obtained in the present study, it is suggested to extract phytochemicals from the seed compared instead of sprouts at an industrial level. In addition, it was observed that germination reduces the amount of glucoraphanin in the final extract. Finally, it was possible to obtain extracts rich in glucosinolates ready for the scalability process and preparation of dietary supplements with possible application in the prevention and treatment of chronic- degenerative diseases.
- Saccharification of chickpea supernatants made of extruded chickpea flour and their lactic acid fermentation with five different Lactobacillus strains(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-06) Mariscal Orduño, Mireya; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puemcuervo; del Pino Espinosa Ramírez, Johanan; Santacruz López, Yolanda Arlette; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Pérez Carrillo, EstherGlucose-rich chickpea-based supernatants were developed with extruded chickpea (EF) flour enzymatically-treated with amyloglucosidase EF (AMG), and raw chickpea flour (RF) treated with α-amylase prior to catalysis with amyloglucosidase RF (Amyl + AMG). The resulting supernatants were subjected to lactic acid fermentation with five different Lactobacillus strains as starters (Lactobacillus plantarum BG112, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v, Lactobacillus plantarum V3, Lactobacillus plantarum 29, and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA3). At the end of fermentation, all strains produced pH drops to about 4.1 and yielded between 0.7-1.1 % of lactic acid. The La LA3 strain yielded the highest lactic acid whereas the counterpart Lp 29 was the lowest. Moreover, an active metabolism over glucose and α-galacto-oligosaccharides was found in all the strains. Lp 29 presented the highest growth rate in both supernatants. Interestingly, at the end of the programmed fermentation, all strains reached cell counts of about 109 CFU/mL (9 Log CFU/mL) with log units stable throughout 14 days of cold storage.
- Immunomodulatory effect of a nutraceutical mixture in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-05-28) Gastélum Estrada, Alejandro; Serna Saldívar, Sergio Román Othón; puelquio; Santacruz López, Yolanda Arlette; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Canales Aguirre, Alejandro ArturoCOVID-19 has impacted global community since its appearance in December 2019, with consequences in health, economic, employment, among many others that have created scenarios known as “new normality”. Along pharmacological measures, preventive ones have also been proposed including the change of diet patterns, increasing physical activities and others. In this work, nutraceuticals are explored for assessing their potential as COVID-19 preventers that could extrapolate to other new diseases or pandemics. Specifically, a nutraceutical mixture was tested in C57BL/6J mice, which is a model for obesity and metabolic syndrome, to evaluate immunomodulation potential by measuring the effect on blood indicators and immune biomarkers. Nutraceuticals evaluated include vitamins (C, D and E), minerals (selenium and zinc) and other ingredients as coenzyme Q10, microencapsulated probiotics, broccoli sprout powder and black bean coat flour as sources of sulforaphane and flavonoids, respectively. All of them have been widely studied and attributed with immunomodulatory properties, each one of them are explained and detailed in the second chapter. Results of blood indicators show a low effect on blood cells concentration and lipid profile, with no consistent differences between male and female individuals. No significant effect was determined in coagulation time. Some of the observed changes such as increase of erythrocytes and leukocyte in males of the supplemented group may suggest a heterogeneous effect between male and female mice, but more studies would be needed. While no significant effects were observed in lymphocyte-T analysis, the most relevant result was obtained in IL-1 evaluation, which level significantly increased in the obese-no supplemented group in comparison with the healthy group, but the increase was countered and even got to lower levels compared to healthy mice when the nutraceutical supplement was included in the diet. This result may suggest a higher effect of the nutraceuticals in inflammation processes rather than in blood cell levels.