Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551039
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de las Maestrías correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Integrated life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis for battery electric vehicles: a case study in Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024) Villa Mendoza, Karen Sarahí; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; emimmayorquin; Bustamante Bello, Martín Rogelio; Izquierdo Reyes, Javier; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoThe transportation sector is essential to building and strengthening a national economy. Furthermore, improving the transportation sector enhances the development of industries and markets. However, the increase in Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEVs) is directly related to the increase in global CO2 emissions, mainly due to dependence on petroleum-derived fuels. To address the environmental impacts caused by ICEVs, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) deployment is one of the main initiatives to decarbonize, reduce other emissions, and improve air quality in large urban cities worldwide. As a leader in the global automotive sector, vehicle electrification represents an opportunity for Mexico in terms of investment, BEV manufacturing, and research and development of electromobility technology. However, BEVs are still far from being a representative share of the Mexican and worldwide vehicle fleet, due to the high costs of purchasing, planning, political initiatives, and impact evaluation throughout the life of the vehicles. To address this challenge, this research project presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in order to evaluate the extraction of raw material, manufacturing, use and maintenance, and final disposal of an electric vehicle in Mexico with a cradle-to-grave perspective. The LCA evaluated the environmental impacts of the Moldex FAW FG60 electric passenger van, manufactured in Mexico with a lithium ferro phosphate (LFP) battery. In addition to the LCA, a Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) was carried out to compare the return on investment of four electric passenger vans with their contra parts in ICEV models available in Mexico. This assessment included the acquisition costs, ownership costs for operation and maintenance, and final disposal of the vehicle and lithium-based batteries (LBBs). In the study conducted, it was found that the use of BEVs had the highest impact on eight out of 18 impact categories in the Base Case Scenario for the LCA due to the electricity mix in Mexico. The highest impact on the entire BEV LCA was seen in terrestrial ecotoxicity, which was caused by LBB production and contributed to 40.59% of the impact. In the LCCA, the highest impact was seen in the acquisition phase due to the initial prices of BEVs in Mexico. However, in the operation stage, BEVs resulted in economic savings of more than MXN$100,000 (approximately USD$5,980) as compared to the expenses incurred for gasoline purchasing.
- Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions modeling for the cement production industry in Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024) Murrieta Melchor, Mariana; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; emimmayorquin; Ledezma Martínez, Minerva; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de México; García Kerdan, IvánThe world is working on strategies to face climate change, of which mitigating emissions is crucial. In the long term, one of the most significant challenges is to meet the needs of society while incorporating sustainable processes that consider such mitigation. Currently, cement industry contributes to emissions generation within its core processes, accounting for over 8% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Mexico is an emerging economy with a great need for infrastructure development, which leads to an increasing cement demand. Population and economic growth tendencies are vital for predicting this industry’s demand. Different emissions mitigation strategies can be assessed with this macroeconomic perspective to determine their adaptation and implementation in the Mexican context. Aiming to collaborate in the global efforts to address climate change, this study proposed a research framework that provided a perspective on implementing mitigation strategies in the Mexican cement production industry by 2050. This framework provided an overview of the national cement industry, followed by a Business-As-Usual scenario construction with macroeconomic indicators, from which five alternative scenarios were derived. Energy and emissions modeling was carried out for each scenario using the Low Emissions Analysis Platform (LEAP). The alternative scenarios were based on national, international, and private sector emissions reduction targets for the cement production process in Mexico. These scenarios were discussed through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis, finding that carbon capture technologies are essential for significantly reducing GHG emissions. However, these technologies are not fully developed nor accessible for the industry to adopt with the required urgency. Additionally, clinker-to-cement ratio reduction represents an essential measure to reduce process-related emissions. Finally, reaching the emissions reduction targets of the scenarios requires concerted efforts between the private and public sectors. The novelty of this work resides in: (a) concentrating cement production industry performance in a single information and data platform; (b) adopting the modeled emissions reduction targets and their contextualization to Mexico; and (c) adjusting an appropriate methodology framework to evaluate a critical industrial sector. Moreover, this framework could be used for future research on emissions mitigation pathways in other national industrial sectors.
- Life cycle assessment and energy performance evaluation of a certified sustainable building in a university campus: a case study in Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024) Barceinas Xicoténcatl, Zuribeth; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; emimmayorquin; Reyes de Luna, Eduardo Francisco; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de México; García Kerdan, IvánThe construction sector is one of the major bases of economic activity worldwide and drives especially urban development. However, this activity implies diverse environmental impacts throughout its life cycle in terms of pollution, water consumption, eutrophication, energy demand, and resource depletion. Sustainable construction has emerged as an alternative to mitigate the impacts generated by this sector. The sustainable perspective includes from the early stages of planning and design to the demolition of the building. At present, Mexico confronts the challenge of accelerating the adoption of sustainable construction at the national and local scale. This challenge can be supported by evaluating the environmental impacts, establishing concrete goals and implementation of sustainable construction, and developing public policies for planning and incentivizing. To address this challenge, this research project presents a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) intending, in order to examine the role of building materials, construction, operation, and waste management practices in Mexico. The LCA conducted in this study, evaluated the environmental impacts associated with these processes, with a specific focus on analyzing the energy performance of a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certified building under different climate change scenarios. The methodology carried out in this project consisted of: (i) conducting a literature review of LCA in buildings; (ii) selecting a LEED-certified building as a case study; (iii) collecting data about materials, structure characteristics, energy and water consumption, construction processes, decommissioning, and waste management; (iv) energy performance evaluation employing a modeling tool to simulate the building and its energy consumption under Future climate; and (v) carrying out LCA based on a cradle-to-grave approach; vi) LCA sensitivity analysis of possible future consumptions due an increase global temperature. The methodology was applied to a case study of the Library building of Tecnologico de Monterrey Mexico City Campus. Among the main findings, highlighted the identification of the building use stage as the stage that generates the most environmental impacts, contributing about 61% due to the energy mix of electricity from the national grid. Additionally, the building materials from the production stage contributed with 32% of the impacts. The study revealed that by increasing the supply of energy from renewable sources to 100%, emissions can be reduced by 50%. While the utilization of building materials that declares environmental impacts during the production can reduce emissions by 16.4%. At the same time, the sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the increase in global temperature leads to an increase in building energy demand, which ultimately increases the environmental impact. The assessment of the environmental impacts of buildings, considering future climate conditions in crucial to contribute to the sustainable development of the country in the long term.
- Integrating life cycle assessment and material flow analysis for the environmental sustainability assessment of wind power: a case study for Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-06-08) Otero Herrera, Luis Alberto; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; Rivera Gomez Franco, Wilfrido; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Probst, OliverWind energy is one of the key technologies to address global climate targets. However, its End-of-Life (EoL) represents a challenge due to the material management, mainly the concrete of the foundation and composites of the blades. Mexico is one of the countries with the highest wind power installed capacity in the Americas, with 7.445 MW in 2022. With the first wind farm installed in 2007 for commercial production, it is expected to reach its EoL from 2027, followed by other wind farms over the next 20 years. Thereby, the aim of this work was to report circularity opportunities by comparing four EoL scenarios by conducting an environmental sustainability analysis of the wind energy sector in Mexico, through the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Material Flow Analysis (MFA) methodologies. The methodology consisted of developing (i) a Mexican wind technology characterization, (ii) a literature review concerning LCA applied to wind energy, (iii) a technology-based analysis by an LCA and MFA in a cradle-to-grave approach applied to a wind farm as a case study, and (iv) a nationwide analysis by an MFA to inquire the national availability of materials after the EoL of the currently installed wind turbines. The results of the circular EoL modeling in the technologybased analysis revealed that the most challenging scenario in this study (S4) presented a reduction of approximately 30% in the environmental impact in most of the impact categories assessed compared to the linear scenario (S2). This reduction was presented mainly regarding mineral resources use (~70%) and human toxicity (~75%). In addition, the production stage was the main contributor in most of the impact categories assessed accounting for around 90%. Moreover, 2032, 2035, 2039, and 2041 were identified as the peak years in the availability of material from wind turbine waste, representing the most challenging years for material management. In 2039, the material availability will be the highest set between 645,760 to 1,018,206 tons, shared between Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon states Finally, this work concluded with the identification of the benefits of EoL circular modeling in the wind technology life cycle and the opportunities for developing a more sustainable wind turbine waste management in Mexico.
- Life Cycle Assessment of beverage packaging systems: a case study for Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-02) Luna-Garcini, Héctor; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; puelquio/tolmquevedo; Moina Gutiérrez, Arturo; García Kerdan, Iván; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoAs companies from the manufacturing sector define their sustainability strategy to meet global, national and internal goals, the need for reliable scientific data related to their environmental footprint, which supports decision making, has become more critical in the last years. The Mexican beverage industry has a significant weight in the national economy. By 2019 this industry was responsible for 1.9% of national GDP and was a source of employment for more than 1.5 million people. Although most of the largest companies track their environmental footprint and publish them in sustainability reports, there is no data related to far-reaching sustainability assessment such as Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This work presents the implementation of an environmental LCA for four different packaging systems used by Mexican beverage companies (Non-returnable PET, refillable PET, refillable glass bottles and aluminium cans). This study includes a comprehensive literature review to know the tendencies, novelties and main results obtained with the execution of LCA for beverage packaging systems. The literature review allowed the identification of similar studies to this work which made it possible to compare and validate the results obtained. The LCA study considered the raw materials extraction, packaging manufacture, finished product manufacture, distribution, retail, washing and end-of-life stages. The goals of this LCA were: i) to determine and compare the environmental impacts generated by four beverage packaging systems offered in Mexico from a cradle-to-grave scope and ii) to identify the Hot Spots of each packaging system. Data inventory was built by using the ECOINVENT database, peer-reviewed publications and public data from industry. This study executed CML, AWARE and Cumulative Energy Demand impact assessments. The results of the study revealed that the NRPET bottle has the best environmental performance since it has a GWP of 174.45 kg CO2eq while RGB has the worst performance with 1152.95 kg CO2eq when considering a single life cycle. On the contrary, if evaluating multiple cycles, the REFPET system performed better since the average GWP per cycle is 50.26 45 kg CO2eq if the packaging last at least 15 cycles. Moreover, the packaging manufacture stage is the most significant contributor for GWP and WF. The results intend: i) to provide scientific-based data for the beverage industry stakeholders, ii) to make possible a better understanding of their environmental footprint and iii) to lead decision-making based on Life Cycle Thinking. Finally, recommendations were set to enable beverage companies to reinforce or adapt their sustainability policy in other for them to achieve a sustainable supply chain.
- Life cycle assessment of bioethanol production from sugarcane bagasse: A case study for Mexico(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-02-11) Zurita García, Lizbeth; ZURITA GARCIA, LIZBETH; 855284; Santoyo Castelazo, Edgar; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; Atilgan Turkmen, Burcin; Ramírez Mendoza, Ricardo Ambrocio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de MéxicoAccording to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to 2030, significant efforts would be required to increase the production of more affordable and clean energies to achieve net-zero emissions in energy systems (SDG7), while executing climate actions (SDG13) to limit global temperature increases below 2°C. According to IEA (International Energy Agency), in 2018 transport represented the second most pollutant sector worldwide, with 25% (8,258 Mt CO2) of total CO2 emissions (33,513.3 Mt CO2) globally; therefore, its decarbonization has become one of the most challenging targets. Bioenergy represented one-tenth of the total primary energy supply worldwide, then it is considered a viable alternative to diversify the worldwide energy mix supply. Thus, second-generation biofuels will potentially play a more significant role in the transport sector. In Mexico, bioenergy represents 5% of total primary energy production. Therefore, this work aims to assess the environmental sustainability of bioethanol production from a second-generation feedstock as sugarcane bagasse. This research considered a novel integrated methodology based on a cradle-to-grave life cycle perspective, including four main stages: i) a systematic literature review, ii) data collection, iii) process simulation of the chemical conversion via gasification, iv) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) (based on the ISO 14040-44 framework) interpretation, and v) validation of results. As part of the results, under a cradle-to-grave boundary, the carbon footprint was 26,689 kg CO2eq with a defined functional unit of 1,000 L of bioethanol. The majority of the CO2eq emissions were attributed to the bioethanol production with 25.3 % and use in vehicle stages with 68.7 %. As conclusions, the results obtained in this study and comparing with other studies suggest that Mexico has a great potential for producing second-generation biofuels. Nevertheless, plans and actions as scenarios, improvements, and further sustainability assessment, as proposed in this work, need to be considered in future work.