Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud

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Development of a type two diabetes predictive model for mexicans applying to electronic health records dataset retrieved from National Public Data (ENSANUT 2018)
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-12-02) Fregoso Aparicio, Luis Martín; Noguez Monroy, Juana Julieta; puemcuervo; Cantú Ortiz, Francisco Javier; González Mendoza, Miguel; García García, José Antonio; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Estado de México; Montesinos Silva, Luis Arturo
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and severe disease that occurs when the glucose levels in the blood rise above the limits because the body of the patient cannot produce insulin hormone or the amount is insufficient. Likewise, when the produced hormone is not able to be used efficiently. The American Diabetes Association establish to diagnosis Diabetes when the test of HbA1c is higher or equal to 6.5\%. Likewise, if basal fasting blood glucose (GB) is higher than 126 mg/dL or blood glucose 2 hours after an oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g of glucose (SOG) is greater or equal to 200 mg/dL. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and a relative lack of insulin. In Mexico, ten-point four percent of the population had diabetes in 2016, compared with 7\% of the population in 2006. In the past years, Machine Learning has been used to create a predictive model for the onset of type 2 diabetes, making it achievable to develop one for the Mexican population. The model should have the capacity to detect undiagnosed diabetics, applying a national public dataset of diabetes mellitus 2 in Mexico (ENSANUT 2018). The objective is to develop a predictive model of type 2 diabetes for Mexicans as a support tool helping primary care physicians make a timely diagnosis, preventing the onset of diabetes or its complications, detecting diabetes early with higher accuracy than the few Mexican models. A systematic review with 91 studies is performed to detect possible optimal machine learning techniques and features to create novel type 2 diabetes predictive models. Based on the PRISMA methodology combined with the methodology of Keele University and Durham University. The related work section results found that tree-type clusters of machine learning algorithms developed the best predictive models. There are five possible models Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Tree, K-Nearest Neighborhood, and Logistic Regression to choose for classification diabetes. The database selected for the model is the National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2018), a tool that shows the general health and nutrition conditions of a representative sample of the population of Mexico. It is divided into several datasets joined by a unique ID created with values of their variables. The target (HEMGLICLASS) is a binary categorical variable which zero corresponds to a healthy person, and one is diabetic, and the complete database has 11639 samples and 55 attributes. After cleaning it and balancing the samples for diabetics and healthy, the final database has 21696 observations and 26 variables composed of the surveyed's categorization eating habits and their corresponding blood chemistry test values. Based on their metrics, after performing a model selection and optimization applying to the ENSANUT database, from the techniques described in the systematic review, Random Forest Classifier has the best metric for the prediction and could be interpreted it the physicians. The proposed model is a Random Forest with the default values with fifteen attributes from the original ENSANUT database. The attributes are related to the values of the testing blood measurements as the classical models and add new features like the intake of vegetables and fruits during the whole week as a protector or the enhancer in the case of an excessive intake of meat milky products or candies. Once the model was done, it was validated with the actual data to assure that the performance of the accuracy and AUC(ROC) keep higher than the 90 percent further other three metrics also are estimated. The results are accuracy: (0.90 $\pm$ 0.154), F1-Score: (0.86 $\pm$ 0.286) Precision: ( 0.94 $\pm$ 0.069), Sensitivity: (0.87 $\pm$ 0.294), and AUC(ROC): (0.92 $\pm$ 0.191). For proving the superior prediction capacity of the new model versus the Olimpia Arrellano-Campos model, equality of the means test with unknown variances is done with the T-student as estimator and p-value as the criterion to reject. The result is a p-value equal to 0.00572, demonstrating the improvement in the capacity of prediction by the model. Finally, the relevance of this model is the possibility to anticipate a diagnosis before the onset of symptoms, and even in the long term, anticipate the development of chronic complications. The model reflected this importance showing the complexity inherent to the detection of diabetes, generating a tool as simple as possible to support physicians in making a diagnosis. The ideal is to predict the onset before it is possible to call a pre-diabetic stage, but this model offers the possibility to generate a diagnosis near this stage.
Improving the path planning and the printing time for an optimized infill of 3D objects by reducing sharp angles and having a continuous path
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-06-14) Betancourt Adame, Cesar David; NOGUEZ MONROY, JUANA JULIETA; 202512; Noguez Monroy, Juana Julieta; emipsanchez; Ruiz Loza, Sergio; Benes, Bedrich; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Ciudad de México
Purpose – Three-dimensional printing is a technology that can provide one of the most efficient methods for product design, prototyping, and production being positively cost-effective due to the efficiency of the design, the customization of the objects, and the variety of materials. However, contemporary computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems use different infill patterns that have the same similarity, they usually contain sharp angles and non-continuous trajectories. A new algorithm is used to create an infill that minimizes the sharp angles in the infills and having a continuous path in order to generate the necessary tool-path information. In this thesis, we propose a new algorithm to create a new type of infill that reduces the amount of time and material used in each layer of an object printed with the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology. Design/methodology/approach – In the proposed algorithm, a grid is generated in a layer with the specific shape that corresponds to a 3D object, it consists of a percentage according to the one is chosen by the user, being 20% the most used in this technology. The infill is created with a continuous path and minimizing the sharp angles in the whole layer, the optimization is accomplished by using simulated annealing. Findings – By creating and running different experiments in various models of FDM 3D printers, we proved the base of our algorithm, that by having sharp angles in the infill, the total printing time is increased due to the positive and negative acceleration of the printing head, altogether with the non-continuous path that increases the time when stopping extruding material and staring again. Applying the proposed algorithm, this information can be used to create a new path for an infill giving as result the reduction of time and material in each layer of a 3D printed object. Research limitations/implications – The proposed methodology can be applied to create a new infill for objects that will be printed with the FDM technology. However, the algorithm works for optimizing one layer at a time. In the future, we would like to investigate the results between fill patterns of consecutive layers, where consecutive layers can’t be identical to provide good resiliency to the object. Originality/value – The proposed algorithm is a novel development for creating a new type of infill that reduces the amount of time and material employed in the fabrication of 3D objects using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology.

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