Challenges of implementing ChatGPT on education: Systematic literature review

Abstract

Since its launch in 2022, ChatGPT has sparked considerable interest in higher education, raising debates about its benefits, challenges, and ethical implications. This systematic literature review, spanning January 2019 to January 2024, analyzes 42 articles from Web of Science and Scopus to identify key opportunities and challenges in its academic integration. Four core issues emerge: (a) technological integration and obsolescence, emphasizing the need for scalable, modular infrastructures; (b) personalization and equity, focusing on the balance between individualized learning and avoiding algorithmic bias; (c) data quality and security, highlighting the importance of transparent data management and robust encryption to protect sensitive information; and (d) ethics and human-AI collaboration, stressing the importance of institutional policies and continuous teacher intervention to ensure responsible and effective use. This study advances the discourse by recommending sustainable strategies for AI adoption, including professional development and fairness audits, while underscoring the critical role of human oversight in maximizing ChatGPT’s educational impact. Ultimately, it offers actionable insights for institutions to align AI use with ethical principles and long-term educational goals.