University professors' willingness, enablers, and barriers for incorporating memes with the socratic method to enhance critical thinking.

Critical thinking is crucial in today’s environments, yet university students show low levels, requiring targeted interventions. The Socratic method is recognized for critical thinking development, while Internet memes offer a promising approach to enhancing this skill and promoting evidence-based argumentation. Previous studies suggest that professors perceive both positively in higher education. Nevertheless, the literature lacks insight into professors' willingness, enablers, and barriers for adopting them together. Therefore, this qualitative study, using semi-structured interviews with eleven Mexican university professors, explores their willingness to incorporate a combination of the Socratic method and Internet memes to enhance critical thinking, and examines their underlying enablers and barriers. The study found that professors are familiar with both tools and willing to using them together to foster critical thinking, citing enablers like students' affinity for memes and the method's reflective power. However, they also identified barriers such as limited curriculum time, restrictive classroom layouts, and a generational gap affecting mutual understanding of memes. This study concludes that the research agenda of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) could include the combined use of memes and the Socratic method to leverage the benefits of both, which include the Socratic method's reflective depth, and the innovative engagement offered by Internet memes.