Education 4.0 supporting remote, hybrid and Face-to-Face teaching-learning systems for academic continuity during the COVID-19 global pandemic

The COVID-19 global pandemic provoked the emergence of new teaching-learning systems necessary to guarantee academic continuity at all levels, resulting in remote, hybrid, and face-to-face teaching-learning processes becoming more robust and efficient. However, higher education faces a significant challenge because, in many cases, the physical infrastructure with face-to-face access to specialized laboratories must have integrated, functional, and practical learning to train disciplinary competencies. Consequently, it is required to implement new pedagogical procedures and remote technologies to compensate for the lack of face-to-face access to laboratories. This study examines Education 4.0, the intersection of technology and pedagogy in today's higher education landscape. A case study is presented to provide a comprehensive comparison of remote, hybrid, and face-to-face learning modalities, illustrating their unique features and effectiveness in different educational contexts.