Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud

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Development and in vivo evaluation of a probiotic-enriched functional beverage with Bacillus licheniformis for gut microbiota modulation in a high-fat diet model in C57BL/6 mice
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-01-01) Ramírez Olea, Hugo; Chavez-Santoscoy, Rocío Alejandra; Vázquez Lepe, Elisa Virginia; mtyahinojosa; Hernández Pérez, Jesús; Yolanda Arlette Santacruz Lopez; García Cayuela, Tomas; González Soltero, María del Rocío; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey
Obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic diseases are increasing across the globe. The necessity for public health to discover new interventions that can aid in fighting these conditions is crucial. Obesity, overweight, and diabetes are common conditions in Mexico. Over 70% of adults are overweight. Over a third are obese. Over 14 million people have diabetes. Understanding the link between these metabolic disorders with gut microbiota dysbiosis could therefore be critical to developing novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of these conditions. This PhD thesis intends to develop a functional drink using Bacillus licheniformis to modulate the gut microbiota and subsequently metabolism in general. In this thesis, a review of B. licheniformis was performed, enhancing its probiotic properties and mechanism of action concerning metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. B. licheniformis was chosen due to its probiotic properties regarding microbiome modulation and its helpful effects on metabolic disorders. A native strain was isolated, sequenced, and optimized for use as a single-strain probiotic. Microencapsulation of the probiotic by spray drying using a maltodextrin-alginate-inulin matrix was statistically optimized and yielded microcapsules that have low moisture content (3.02%) and high yield (51.06%) and encapsulation efficiency (80.53%), solubility (90.52%), and stability at 4 °C, 25 °C, and 37 °C for at least six months, maintaining probiotic viability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Structural analyses (SEM, DLS, Zeta potential, FTIR, XRD, and DSC) showed interactions between the bacterium and the matrix, promoting an improvement in the amorphization, thermal stability, and release profile. The encapsulated probiotic has been added to a non-dairy functional beverage and shown to be viable through storage for over 6 months. Finally, it was evaluated in a high-fat diet Model using C57BL/6 mice. This functional beverage supplementation revealed a decrease in weight gain, prevention of hepatic steatosis, and systemic inflammation. At the same time, it improved glucose tolerance, biochemical profiles, gut microbiota diversity, and gene expressions compared to unsupplemented controls. By combining microbiology, materials science, and metabolic physiology, we present Bacillus licheniformis as a viable alternative platform for functional food products to aid in the control of obesity, diabetes, and other possible metabolic diseases through gut microbiota modulation.
Development and validation of a mixture of nutraceutical compounds to improve cognitive function in rats
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024) Faccinetto Beltrán, Paulinna; Jacobo Velázquez, Daniel Alberto; emipsanchez; Canales Aguirre, Alejandro Arturo; Hernández Brenes, Carmen; Santacruz López, Arlette; García Cayuela, Tomás; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Reza Zaldivar, Edwin Estefan
Modern lifestyles have raised concerns about their impact on cognitive function due to sedentary habits, unhealthy diets, and high-stress environments, leading to a global increase in cognitive impairments. This emphasizes the vital role of nutrition in maintaining optimal brain health, with scientific research linking specific nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D3, and probiotics to neural growth, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmitter synthesis, crucial for learning and memory processes. Brain health is paramount for overall well-being, emotional stability, and functional independence throughout life, making nutraceuticals a promising strategy to enhance brain function. Developing innovative nutraceutical mixtures and products is crucial for addressing cognitive health challenges today. The main objective of this study is to develop a mixture of nutraceutical compounds that can be used to improve cognitive development and to prevent cognitive impairment in an animal model. This research was divided into two objectives. This first objective was to determine the effect of the mixture of probiotics and ω3 PUFA on memory and cognitive development in a rat model using an excipient as a delivery system (Chapter 3). The Barnes maze test assessed spatial learning and memory in rats. Samples from the cecum were collected to evaluate microbial counts, including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, and total bacteria. Additionally, brain samples were analyzed to study neural morphology, and various parameters such as glucose levels, brain weights, and epididymal tissue were also examined. The main findings showed that the excipient added with ω3 PUFA and probiotics improved memory in rats compared to supplementation of the compounds separately. Additionally, consuming probiotics alone or combined with an excipient decreased Enterobacteria counts, while Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria counts were unaffected. Finally, neuronal morphological analysis revealed that combining probiotics and ω3 PUFA with the delivery system increased the number of neurons in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. Furthermore, the second objective evaluated the efficacy of DHA, vitamin D3, and probiotics in preventing cognitive decline in an aluminum-induced cognitive impairment animal model (Chapter 4). In this case, the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests were employed to assess behavioral outcomes. Glial activation was evaluated using immunofluorescence analysis of GFAP/Iba1, while levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured to determine oxidative stress markers in brain tissue. The principal results demonstrated that supplementation with a combination of nutraceuticals, including DHA, vitamin D3, and probiotics, showed notable benefits against aluminum-induced cognitive impairment. These benefits included memory improvement, decreased oxidative stress (MDA concentration), increased antioxidant activity (SOD), and reduced glial activation, as indicated by GFAP/Iba1 markers. The results of this thesis showed that the nutraceutical combinations improved cognitive development and mitigated cognitive impairment. Overall, the study underscores the potential of nutraceuticals in enhancing cognitive function and preventing cognitive decline, offering insights into innovative strategies for addressing cognitive health challenges in contemporary society. Additional studies could be conducted to carry out clinical trials to confirm the positive effect of the formulations on cognitive function in different life stages.

Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud

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