Ciencias Exactas y Ciencias de la Salud
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/551014
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de los Doctorados correspondientes a las Escuelas de Ingeniería y Ciencias así como a Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud.
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- Generation and characterization of structured vector and partially coherent beams via digital holography and interferometric techniques(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-04) Akbarpour, Atefeh; Hernández I. Aranda, Raúl; emimmayorquin; Gutiérrez Vega, Julio Cesár; Römer, Gert-willem R.B.E.; Doctoral Degree in Nanotechnology and Doctoral degree in Science and Technology; Campus Monterrey; Perez García, BenjamínStructured light has become a central topic in modern optics, offering new possibilities in beam shaping, optical communications, imaging, and quantum technologies. In this thesis, we present a comprehensive study on the generation, characterization, and coherence control of scalar and vector structured beams. The theoretical foundation is developed from solutions of the Helmholtz and paraxial wave equations, with particular focus on Gaussian-type families such as Hermite–Gaussian, Laguerre–Gaussian, Ince–Gaussian, and non-diffracting Helmholtz– Gauss beams including Bessel–Gauss and Mathieu–Gauss modes. Experimentally, we demonstrate a compact digital holography platform based on a single binary hologram encoded on a digital micromirror device (DMD). This setup allows for simultaneous phase and polarization control using two orthogonally polarized beams with conjugate amplitudes. With this method, we report the experimental generation of some vector beams, including vector Laguerre–Gauss, vector Bessel–Gauss, and, for the first time, vector athieu–Gauss beams. These beams are fully characterized through intensity measurements, Stokes polarimetry, and concurrence analysis, showing excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. Then, we explore structured beams in the partially coherent regime and introduce a digital scheme to engineer tunable coherence using random tilted wavevectors on a Digital Micromirror Device, enabling programmable control of coherence length in Gaussian-type beams. In parallel, we present a theoretical and experimental study of partially coherent Mathieu–Gauss beams, where both the coherence and ellipticity parameters are independently controlled using a rotating diffuser and spatial light modulator. The cross-correlation function and cross-spectral density reveal that these beams preserve structural features even as coherence is reduced, with nearly invariant spectral properties during propagation. Together, these results provide a unified framework for understanding and controlling both the polarization and coherence degrees of freedom of structured beams.
- Comparative study of mass-accommodation methods and energy balances for melting paraffin wax in cylindrical thermal energy storage systems(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-12-03) Silva Nava, Valter; Otero Hernández, José Antonio; Hernández Cooper, Ernesto Manuel; emimmayorquin, emipsanchez; Santiago Acosta, Rubén Darío; Melo Máximo, Dulce Viridiana; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Ciudad de México; Chong Quero, Jesús EnriqueThis study introduces two innovative methods for modeling how paraffin wax melts inside a centrally heated annular space. Both approaches tackle the challenge of volume changes during melting by ensuring total mass is conserved, keeping the material mass constant, and adding a new equation of motion. To manage these volume shifts in a cylindrical setup, one method allows the outer radius to expand or contract radially, while the other treats the extra liquid volume as a dynamic variable along the central axis. Each method’s energy–mass balance at the boundary between the liquid and solid yields equations that describe how the interface moves, with only slight differences that still respect mass conservation. When melting occurs rapidly, the steady-state values for both volume and interface position are directly linked to the densities of the liquid and solid forms. The methods were put to the test in a vertical annular region filled with para!n wax, where thermodynamic properties were fine-tuned by minimizing the gap between measured and predicted temperatures. The widely used local energy balance at the melting front can sometimes mislead, depending on starting conditions, boundaries, and material traits. In contrast, the total energy balance method aligns closely with equilibrium, as shown by its agreement with thermodynamic equilibrium in saturated mixtures, and it delivers much smaller errors than the local approach. In a melting experiment using para!n RT50 inside a thermally insulated cylinder, the local energy balance underestimated the melting front position by 2.4% to 6.9%, whereas the total energy balance method kept discrepancies between 0.28% and 5.71%.
- Towards rapid prototyping of integrated, cost-effective, and pocket-size electrochemical sensing platforms using 3D-printing for quantitative electroanalytical applications(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06-13) Contreras Naranjo, Jesús Eduardo; Aguilar Jiménez, Oscar Alejandro; emipsanchez; Kao, Katy; Madadelahi, Masoud; Videa Vargas, Marcelo Fernando; Pérez González, Víctor Hugo; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Mata Gómez, Marco Arnulfo3D-printing has facilitated the proposal of integrated strategies where commercially available 3D-printers and a variety of 3D-printing materials enable the fabrication of integrated devices at the millimeter-scale or below. This work presents three different strategies for the rapid prototyping of integrated, cost-effective, and pocket-size electrochemical sensing platforms using fused deposition modeling (FDM)3D-printing, with an emphasis in quantitative electroanalytical applications. The first strategy combines 3D-printing and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs), an approach that has previously enabled the fabrication of electrochemical fluidic sensing platforms but has failed to achieve quantitative performance. Thus, a cost-effective and pocket-size 3D-printed-enabled fluidic electrochemical sensing platform (3DP-FESP) with removable/disposable SPEs for the quantitative detection of analytes was developed. To illustrate its capabilities, this millimeter-scale 3DP-FESP achieved limits of detection of 0.16 μM and 0.05 μM for dopamine in the presence of interferents when operated in batch and flow modes, respectively. These results demonstrated, for the first time, that the approach of combining 3D-printing and SPEs can achieve quantitative analytical performance. The second strategy focuses on fully 3D-printed electrodes using hybrid 3D-printing materials. Although the use of conductive filaments based on polylactic acid (PLA) combined with a single carbon allotrope for integrated and miniaturized 3D-printed electrodes has been previously reported, hybrid filaments combining PLA with multiple carbon allotropes have not been reported in quantitative electrochemical applications. Therefore, miniaturized and integrated 3D-printed hybrid carbon electrodes were prototyped using a carbon nanotube/carbon black/PLA filament material. Their quantitative analytical performance was illustrated with the detection of dopamine, with a limit of detection of 1.45 μM. The simplicity, portability, low cost (0.11 USD per electrode), and rapid fabrication (3.7 minutes) make these fully integrated 3D-printed hybrid carbon-based electrodes truly point-of-care quantitative electrochemical sensing systems. Then, for the third strategy, the challenge of fabricating a complete 3D-printed milli fluidic device with channel band electrodes using a conventional desktop FDM 3D-printer and a 3D-pen was successfully accomplished. The manufacturing process followed a “print-pause-print” methodology, in which the band electrodes can be activated through a compatible polishing approach followed by “in-channel” electrochemical activation. In addition, theoretical models and numerical computations were used to study the quantitative behavior of the current response considering the effect of critical features of these 3D-printed devices such as electrode shape and device porosity. In conclusion, in this work the successful implementation of different prototyping strategies for the development of 3D-printed electrochemical sensors and devices using FDM 3D-printing was demonstrated, while highlighting capabilities for quantitative electroanalytical applications.
- Multiplexed biossensors based ok multimode nanoslits(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2025-06) Valero Recio Ramirez, Marcos Enrique; Mallar, Ray; emimmayorquin; De León Arizpe, Israe; Coello Cárdenas, Víctor Manuel; Pérez González, Víctor Hugo; Hernández Arana, Raúl Ignacio; Anis, Hanan; Prakash, Ravi; Campus Monterrey; Berini, PierreSurface plasmon-based biosensors are widely recognized for their exceptional sensitivity, ease of integration, and versatility across various fields, including biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and chemical analysis. While these sensors have demonstrated significant potential for real-time, label-free detection, they still face key challenges—one of the most critical being multiplexing. The ability to simultaneously detect multiple biomarkers is particularly important in medical diagnostics, where comprehensive assessments can lead to earlier and more precise disease detection. However, current surface plasmon technologies face limitations in achieving effective multiplexing, underscoring the need for innovative configurations. This thesis presents the design, modeling, fabrication, and experimental validation of a novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) interferometric biosensor capable of supporting multiplexed detection. The proposed device operates by exciting and interfering counter-propagating surface plasmon waves in a nanoslit structure using optimized grating couplers, achieving high-visibility interference patterns. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations demonstrate a maximum bulk sensitivity of Sb = −3.87W/(m·RIU), a surface sensitivity of Ss = 0.002W/(m·nm), and a resolution down to Rb = 6.3 × 10−6 RIU and Rs = 10 pm, depending on the nanoslit geometry. The optimal grating coupler design reached a total coupling efficiency of 54.7%, ensuring effective SPR excitation with Gaussian beam illumination. To enable multiplexing, a shadowing structure was developed and integrated to allow simultaneous excitation of multiple sensing units with a single expanded Gaussian beam. Simulations confirmed that the device maintains independent sensing responses in each channel with minimal crosstalk. A complete fabrication process, including gold deposition, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam milling, and CYTOP-based microfluidic integration, was implemented. The final device successfully detected refractive index changes in water-glycerol mixtures, experimentally validating the interferometric sensing principle and confirming agreement with theoreticalpredictions. These findings demonstrate that the interferometric SPR platform not only functions as a highly sensitive refractive index sensor, but also offers scalable multiplexing capabilities. This work lays the groundwork for future advancements in three key directions: miniaturizing the optical system for portable diagnostics, functionalizing the sensor for selective biomarker detection, and integrating spatial light modulators for real-time, multi-channel interrogation. Together, these developments promise to enhance the applicability of SPR biosensing in real-world biomedical and clinical diagnostics.
- Applications of classical andquantum-optomechanical Light Propagation(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-12) Onah, Francis Emenike; Gutiérrez Vega, Julio César; emipsanchez; Hernández Aranda, Raúl I; Pérez García, Benjamín; López Aguayo, Servando; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus MonterreyThe theory of electromagnetic waveguides has found applications in many areas of science and technology, ranging from nanotechnology, nano-optics, optics and photonics, sensing, optical communications, plasma physics to astrophysics. One of the challenges facing the application of other waveguides such as the elliptic and parabolic waveguides in the nano-regime is the amount of parameters to be considered in their fabrications and the ability to control these parameters in miniature systems. The equilateral triangular waveguides, just as the circular cylindrical waveguides, has at most just one parameter to consider in their design or fabrication. That is, the triangle side a. The indices m and n (and a third index l, for equilateral triangular waveguide, is dependent on the other two l = −m−n), is a general feature of all cylindrical waveguides. Thus, the equilateral triangular waveguide, has a promising utility for applications in nanotechnology. Since just focusing on this one parameter, one can as precision allows (within the limits of classical light propagation, in essence, before the quantum theory becomes important), produce very tiny equilateral triangular waveguide. Thus the feasibility and promising utility motivates our investigation of the equilateral triangular waveguides, which despite its simplicity, does not have a thorough study of for instance, its attenuation characteristics. This characteristics and other symmetry properties of the modes, especially the surprisingly interesting odd modes of the equilateral triangular waveguide is what we investigate in this project. In the second part of our research, we study Quantum Photonic nano-cavties, which is a typical case of what happens when quantum mechanics becomes important, in propagation of light, in the nano-regime. This also, promises great and novel solutions to the numerous challenges facing the production of versatile and effective nano-machine fabrications. Thus the significance of our research work lies in illustrating and exploring the possibility for a far more reaching industrial applications of quantum photonic-nano cavities, through the quantum optomechanical theoretic formulation and application of multiply synchronized nano-photonic cavities in sensing, information or data storage and distribution in nano-devices, very effective/versatile nano-machines, high level machine learning, artificial intelligence and the future of modern nano-material fabrications and nanotechnology in general. We intend or expect to have a clear cut technological advancement, demonstrated by a fabricated device that harnesses the high quality factorof quantum photonic nano-cavities, in terms of increased capacity or storage power of the nano-device and or a very sensitive light sensor and other technological advancement that has applications in information commutation technology, medicine and the industry in general.
- Pulsation regions near the static border of optically injected semiconductor lasers using numerical analysis(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2023-04-01) Rodríguez Martínez, Sergio Luis; RODRIGUEZ MARTINEZ, SERGIO LUIS; 3012812; Castañon Avila Gerardo Antonio; emipsanchez; Campuzano Treviño, Gabriel; Vargas Rosales, César; Lezama Cruzvillasante, Fernando; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Aldaya Garde, Ivan AritzIn this thesis, we analyze the technique of injection for the generation of optical pulses, as it is believed to have distinct result in a rich and diverse set of dynamical behaviors. The study focuses primarily on identifying and exploiting pulsing regimes, which can be beneficial for a wide range of applications or can lead to undesired instabilities. The thesis develops a novel multi-metric method to automatically identify pulsing regimes in the parameter space. The method is applied to extensive numerical simulations to demonstrate that these regimes occur in the vicinity of the static synchronization boundary. Additionally, analyzing these pulsing regimes, the study identifies pulsations with repetition rates ranging from several MHz up to more than 1 GHz. The effect of the linewidth enhancement factor and the slave-laser bias current is also analyzed, revealing that a linewidth enhancement factor of 3 and a higher bias current lead to broader regions of pulsation regimes. Finally, some simulation results are presented using the rate equations considering the spontaneous emission and the Langevin forces.
- Validación de modelos de turbulencia con Teledetección para el estudio de la recirculación de plumas térmicas en zonas costeras. Aplicación a la descarga de la Central Nucleoeléctrica de Laguna Verde, México.(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2022-06-16) Laguna Zarate, Luis Fernando; LAGUNA ZARATE, LUIS FERNANDO; 639612; Barrios Piña, Héctor Alfonso; puemcuervo, emipsanchez; López Salinas, Jose Luis; Ramos Mora, Eduardo; López Zavala, Miguel Angel; Ramírez Orozco, Aldo Iván; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Monterrey; Ramírez León, HermiloEn el presente trabajo se estudia, mediante modelación numérica y con apoyo de teledetección, la dispersión térmica de la pluma de la Central Nucleoeléctrica de Laguna Verde (CNLV), Veracruz, localizada en la costa del Golfo de México. Se llevaron a cabo simulaciones numéricas con el modelo Delft3D-FLOW para dos escenarios, invierno y primavera, para los cuales se detectó previamente con la teledetección, la recirculación de la pluma hacia la obra de toma de la CNLV, situación no favorable para su rendimiento. El modelo se calibró y validó, mediante un proceso exhaustivo, con apoyo de las imágenes de la teledetección, con diferentes grosores de malla. Además, se llevó a cabo un análisis del proceso termodinámico que ocurre durante la descarga de agua caliente en el mar, mediante un análisis con parámetros adimensionales característicos de los fenómenos de convección natural, forzada y mixta. Asimismo, los resultados del modelo numérico se utilizaron para investigar sobre el rendimiento de los modelos de turbulencia AEM, k-L y k-ε, disponibles en el Delft3D-FLOW. La contribución del modelo de turbulencia HLES también se analizó. Los resultados mostraron que la convección forzada es predominante cerca de la zona de la descarga de la pluma térmica y en la zona cercana a la obra de toma. De acuerdo con las métricas calculadas, todos los modelos de turbulencia reproducen con buena aproximación la pluma, comparando los resultados con las imágenes de la Teledetección, excepto cuando se considera el esquema HLES del modelo numérico. Por último, las simulaciones numéricas proveen información valiosa para el estudio de este tipo de dispersiones térmicas en el mar, más allá de las limitaciones de otras técnicas de monitoreo. Sin embargo, su uso combinado es útil para una mejor comprensión de la dispersión de plumas térmicas.
- The general equation of the stigmatic lens(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-12) González Acuña, Rafael Guillermo; Gutiérrez Vega, Julio Cesar; tolmquevedo; Avendaño Alejo, Maximino; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Lopez Aguayo, ServandoI present a solution to a problem proposed by Diocles, in ancient Greece. A problem with more than two millennia without an analytical close form solution, the design of the stigmatic lens. Stigmatism refers to the image-formation property of an optical system which focuses a single point source in object space into a single point in image space. Two such points are called a stigmatic pair of the optical system. A stigmatic lens is a lens such that the point object and the point image are stigmatic. In this doctoral thesis, the general equation of the stigmatic lenses was found. The most important implications of this equation are the uniqueness of stigmatism and a new methodology for designing stigmatic lenses in a totally analytical way, free of iterations and numerical approximations. This methodology is the basis for designing more complex stigmatic systems with a freeform shape, an arbitrary number of refractive surfaces, telescopes etc.
- Propuesta de un nuevo modelo para la transición de fase líquido-sólido en materiales de cambio de fase(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2020-11-27) Rodríguez Alemán, Suset Graciella; RODRIGUEZ ALEMAN, SUSET GRACIELLA; 781347; Otero Hernández, José Antonio; emipsanchez; Pérez Álvarez, Rolando; Martínez Rosado, Raúl; Castillo Aranguren, Francisco; Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias; Campus Estado de México; Hernández Cooper, Ernesto ManuelEl comportamiento incorrecto de las soluciones numéricas en sistemas térmicamente aislados se ha explicado recientemente al considerar cambios de volumen durante la transición de fase líquido-sólido a través de la conservación de masa total. En este trabajo se encuentran ejemplos donde las soluciones numéricas aún muestran un comportamiento incorrecto en sistemas térmicamente aislados. Las soluciones en el equilibrio termodinámico revelan la existencia de casos patológicos en algunos materiales, aunque se conserve la masa total del sistema. A través de los ejemplos mostrados en este trabajo se encuentra un error conceptual en la ecuación de movimiento de la interfaz. El tamaño del sistema y la cantidad de masa fundida o solidificada obtenida de un balance de masa-energía local en la interfaz no son invariables y pueden sobrestimar o subestimar los valores del estado estacionario cuando el sistema se encuentra térmicamente aislado. La ecuación de movimiento propuesta para la interfaz se halla imponiendo la conservación de energía en sistemas adiabáticos y los valores de equilibrio termodinámico se reproducen bien a través de la ecuación propuesta. La conservación de energía conduce a un término adicional en la ecuación de movimiento para la interfaz que es proporcional a la diferencia de densidad entre las fases líquida y sólida. Adicionalmente, en sistemas con condiciones de contorno isotérmico-adiabático se propone el balance térmico total a través de todo el sistema. El balance térmico total también conduce a un término adicional en la ecuación de movimiento para la interfaz que puede tener contribuciones significativas según el tipo de material y las condiciones de operación. Finalmente, la dinámica de la transición de fase se puede representar mediante la introducción de un calor de fusión latente equivalente que incorpora los efectos del equilibrio térmico total. La solución numérica del modelo propuesto consiste en emplear un método híbrido que trata la variable espacial y la temporal independientemente. Primero se discretiza el espacio usando Elementos Finitos lo cual lleva a la solución de un sistema de ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias. Para solucionar el sistema de EDO resultante se usa un Método Implícito en Diferencias Finitas. Se calcula el problema de transición de fase en distintos PCM y se comparan los resultados obtenidos con los brindados por el Método Integral de Balance de Calor.
- Comparing the rheological behavior and the electrical properties of CNT-PP copolymer composites obtained by two compounding methods: direct addition and dilution of a masterbatch(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey) Palacios Aguilar, Erika; Bonilla Ríos, Jaime; tolmquevedo; Medina Medina, Dora Iliana; Monsiváis Barrón, Alejandra Julieta; Cortés Rodríguez, Leonardo Federico; School of Engineering and Sciences; Campus Monterrey; Sánchez Fernández, José AntonioComposites of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNT) at 1, 2, and 3 wt.% on a propylene-ethylene random copolymer matrix were prepared by melt compounding CNT powder and by dilution of a commercial polypropylene masterbatch. While the shear viscosity shows similar behavior for both dilution modes, the differences in their elastic properties clearly show the addition method's effect, and the masterbatch's presence. This also indicates the relevance of having a difficult to mix masterbatch to enhance the elongational viscosity of the composites for free wall applications such as fiber spinning and blown film. On the other hand, the 2 and 3 wt.% CNT composites from both addition modes have similar electrically conductive behavior, with values near the semiconductors' range. TEM and SEM images show different states of dispersion for each source of CNT. The morphology observed in those images is the simplest explanation for the differences in the elastic properties of the molten composites due to the filler incorporation processes used.