Ciencias Sociales
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://hdl.handle.net/11285/582997
Pertenecen a esta colección Tesis y Trabajos de grado de los Doctorados correspondientes a las Escuelas de Gobierno y Transformación Pública, Humanidades y Educación, Arquitectura y Diseño, Negocios y EGADE Business School.
Browse
Search Results
- Loan methodology, gender, enviroment and the formation of capital by mexican microfinance institutions(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2012-04-01) John Griffin, Denis; Griffin, Denis John; 390408Although evidence from literature in social psychology, sociology, the economics of gender, and business administration generally states that men are more successful than women as business owners and employees, the development literature suggests that women may be more successful than men in microfinance programs. This may be due to higher levels of peer-group pressure, community pressure, group participation and solidarity in microfinance groups with a greater proportion of females. Group loans may also have more success in rural areas where society is more closely knit. In order to test these assumptions a survey was xii conducted in two microfinance institutions operating in central Mexico consisting of 109 individual loans, 182 small groups and 110 large groups. The survey was analysed with t-tests, ANOVAs and structural equation modeling. Surprisingly, no significant difference was found between the financial capital creation of males and females with individual loans, nor between groups with a greater proportion of females and groups with a greater proportion of males. This suggests that the gender gap in this context does not appear to be as wide as the literature would indicate. Males appear to enjoy few advantages in this context. Groups with a greater proportion of females appear to impose more sanctions from within the group, although there are not significantly more community sanctions imposed on these groups nor do these groups place more emphasis on group and community relations. Rural groups, however, did create significantly more financial capital than urban groups. An important by-product of this study was the finding that sanctions do not improve repayment rates but in fact have a negative affect on repayments rates, whereas, social relations within the group and the community have a significant positive affect on repayment rates. Furthermore, the sample of small groups found that high repayment rates significantly raise the creation of financial capital by microfinance clients.
- Improving Performance and Entrepreneurial Competences at the Base of the Pyramid. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Development Agencies(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2010-05-01) Díaz-Pichardo, René; Dr. Nicolás Gutiérrez Garza; Dr. Consuelo García de la Torre; Dr. Gerardo Lozano FernándezEntrepreneurial development has been seen as a gateway to economic vitality and poverty reduction in emerging economies. However, initiating and supporting economic growth in such economies through entrepreneurship has resulted problematic. This research aims to offer a model and a methodology to measure the impact of entrepreneurial development agencies (EDAs) on the performance and entrepreneurial competences of business organizations at the base of the pyramid (BOBOPs). Survey data were gathered from entrepreneurs participating in the incubation process of the Social Incubators System of the ITESM, in Mexico. Structural equation modeling gives evidence of a positive and significant impact of EDAs on performance of BOBOPs, through the mediating effect of entrepreneurial competences, particularly, market orientation and market innovation. The impact of EDAs resulted grater under less favorable contextual factors.
- Entrepreneur's Knowledge Perception Model and Their Product or Services Probability to Have Precense in the Market.-Edición Única(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2008-11-01) Damm González, Ivonne A.; Dr. Jorge Ramon Pedroza; Dra. Elisa Cobas; Dr. Gerardo LozanoThe contribution of the current dissertation is to determine the entrepreneurs' knowledge perception based on issues related to innovations. The theoretical model presented studies the entrepreneur knowledge perception. The entrepreneur uses the personal contact network and customer communication, a customized form of marketing, which is uncomplicated and follows a common-sense approach to business development. This is how market information is gathered. It derives from the ability to identify and respond to market signals (McGowan and Rocks, 1994). The signals can be in the form of customer requests, supplier suggestions, ideas from work colleagues or threats from competition. Hill iv and McGowan (2002) develop a three-level framework of networking competencies in the smaller firm. Level 1 competencies are experience, knowledge, communication, judgment and intuition. Level 2 competencies are vision, opportunity-focused, relational communication and commitment. Level 3 competencies include personality, relationship-building, listening skills, adaptability, commitment, motivation, ambition, achievement, enthusiasm, confidence and aggression. Many of these factors have also been identified as central creative entrepreneurial marketing factors in the arts (Fillis, 2002a). One research important question for the justification for this study is How knowledgeable entrepreneurs are? There are no previous studies that have addressed the issues of knowledge and it might be possible that the lack of market knowledgeinformation is one of the principal aspects than can make the difference between success and failure in the entrepreneur's approach. Some individuals have superior knowledge and skill at estimation of consumer wants, superior ability to control and direct the actions of others, greater confidence that their business estimates-business judgments will prove correct. During the process of reviewing literature the empirical result was the following conceptual model, entitled “Exploring the entrepreneur's knowledge perception.” The introduction of the model at this early stage is advantageous because it illustrates this dissertation framework, structure, and focus. The model v consists of the following elements: technological knowledge perception, market knowledge perception, competition knowledge perception. Each dimension is composed by three independent variables. A total of nine independent variables are integrating the three dimensions. A dependent variable in this case “Market Presence” is defined as the entrepreneur real participation in the market If his/her product or service is available to the costumer in the present market. If is not still in the market then this product or service is still part of an incubation process. Innovative products are introduced in turbulent and chaotic environments where the odds of success are often low. As a result, the marketing strategies for innovative products must be optimized to enhance the odds of success. Yet, marketing is often not a well-developed competency in many innovative firms (Mohr, 2002). Because of the wide variety of innovative products, brands and prices, the market goes through a stage of uncertainty. This feeling of uncertainty can only be reduced by means of information, specially the one coming from a reliable source. This is the time when the entrepreneur or inventor of a Innovation should get in touch with the real market knowledge through different channels, which will be addressed throughout his/her project. vi This dissertation seeks to add to our understanding of how entrepreneurs can build their knowledge perception to achieve competitive advantage and to develop more successful projects. The study focus upon the following dimensions that compose the entrepreneur's knowledge perception, these dimensions are: Technological knowledge, Knowledge of market, Knowledge of competition. This entrepreneur's knowledge will be under the context of their product category specialty. The author employs a sample of 169 entrepreneurs in new technology-based firms; each was interviewed during the period from 2006 to 2007. Evidence suggests that entrepreneurs should build market knowledge to be more competitive and successful in their Innovation projects. The conceptual model has both empirical and theoretical backing, but the empirical backing is limited to 169 cases. Practitioners can focus on how to build market knowledge, while the model helps to increase awareness of the holistic view of entrepreneurial knowledge and which dimensions can contribute to it. Policy makers should encourage entrepreneurs to build market knowledge, and support systems could require a plan for this activity before entrepreneurs get access to public funds. Based on this analysis, four main contributions are revealed: model generation, development of terminology, and further development of the field of entrepreneurial research.
- Rate of campus wide information systems adoption in novice users and its relationships with complex adaptive systems(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2008-06-01) González Martínez, Martín J.; McDaniel, Reuben; Alanís Dávila, David Ángel; Gasperín Gasperín, Rafael Modesto deWhen an organization is examined as a Complex Adaptive System (CAS) one is able to suggest that they take information from environment, and use this information to adapt themselves and change their own behavior. The CAS study in Organizational Theory has revealed that systems must operate far from equilibrium; where, by both negative and positive feedback, they are driven to paradoxical states of stability and instability, predictability and unpredictability. Two commonly observed characteristics of complex systems are a large number of interacting elements and emergent properties. v A Campus Wide Information System can be defined as a set of interrelated components that collect or retrieve, process, store, and distribute information to support decision making and control in an University or College. Communications Systems theories emphasize there are two important elements of context, task and social influence. Most important is social influence, which affects perceptions of the task, the tools and their qualities, and their relevance to the task. Particularly when a communication medium is new, other peoples opinions cause a strong influence on new users. Use of Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) Theory is helpful to understand the factors that might affect the rate of CWIS adoption, because it offers a solid base about the non-linear interactions between things, actors, and situation interlinked with. Deterministic theories, instead, try to use a rigid frame with chained trigger actions to comprehend complex relationships.
- Corporate social responsibility, action, and performance in international settings : a critical realist perspective(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2008-04-01) Paz-Vega, Ramón; W. Husted, Bryan; S. Ring,, Peter; Rosanas, Josep Ma.The objective of this dissertation has been twofold: First, to develop a systemic theoretical framework on which to base ideographic explanations of the nature, causes, dynamics, and consequences of corporate social responsibility (CSR), corporate social action (CSA), and corporate social performance (CSP), with a focus on subsidiaries of multinational companies. This framework presents CSR, CSA, and CSP from the perspective of critical realism and morphogenetic social theory. Second, using that framework, to provide an explanatory account of CSR/CSA/CSP in the case of one particular subsidiary organization operating in Mexico Critical realism is a philosophy of science based on systems thinking. It assumes the existence of a reality independently of the researchers knowledge of it; however, its accessibility is not direct, but mediated. Real structures are not observable, but they have causal powers which can generate observable outcomes that may or may not be realized in specific situations. In the case of organizations, the actualization of the observable outcomes depends on a highly complex series of interactions between environmental constrains and corporate action. In critical realism, it is the task of the researcher to explain the causal mechanisms and the contingencies that vii operate in particular situations. In turn, morphogenetic social theory has been developed as a practical theory that complements critical realism in social science. This theory argues that cultural properties (i.e. the world of ideas) and social structures necessarily pre-date social actions; the causal powers of those structures operate only through the actions of agents, and agents have their own causal powers which are revealed in their mediated interplay with structure; in turn, human actions either reproduce or transform those structures. This dissertation presents a theoretical framework according to which, there are universal ethical principles and structural global factors that define and motivate CSR, but there are also many and more proximal factors that are idiosyncratic to each society. These causal factors emerge from both the cultural (ideational) and structural systems of each society. In the case of multinational companies and their subsidiaries, CSR causal factors emerge from the different cultural and structural systems in which these companies operate. In addition to their first-order (direct) causal influence, those causal factors have second-order relations of congruence or incongruence with one another. Their specific configuration in each time and place conditions, but does not determine, corporate social responses. The effect of those causal factors is necessarily mediated by the actions of managers, who also are endowed with causal powers. The interplay between moral and social causal factors and managerial actions shape corporate social action (CSA). Such corporate responses have as their outcome a certain level of corporate social performance (CSP), a construct which has several dimensions, some of them empirical, and some others placed at deeper levels of social reality which imply a certain moral and social stable positioning of the company in its environment, i.e. a certain degree of legitimacy. In addition, corporate social action and performance also have second-order effects on the organization and its managers, which contribute positively or negatively to the development of the organization and its members. viii The second part of the dissertations presents a single-case study. It refers to Mexfruco, a fruit exporting company located in Mexico, subsidiary of Interfruco, a U.S. corporation. The outcome of the study is an explanatory narrative of Mexfrucos CSA, which constitutes a “plausibility probe” of the abovementioned theoretical framework. The case study answers the question of which are the sources and nature of corporate moral and social responsibilities. A number of properties or causal factors are identified. They emerge from the socio-cultural system in which Mexfruco was embedded. In this way, causal factors of diverse nature are incorporated in one model, i.e. religious or philosophical motivations, institutional forces, patterns existing in the task environment, etc., add or subtract from each other to outline the complex causality of CSA. Those emergent properties stood in positions of complementarity or contradiction with one another, which defined a situational logic which predated, conditioned, and in turn, was confronted by managerial actions. Based on this analysis, three causal configurations of the companys CSA are proposed, corresponding to its actions oriented to workers, growers, and customers, respectively. A number of factors (or emergent properties) combined to create a given form of CSA. Managerial agency (discretion and ability) was a necessary condition in all causal configurations. The postulated causal configurations ideographically explain the observed CSA, and therefore, they exhibit properties that are valid for understanding other cases, despite the particularities of Mexfruco. By virtue of this, these causal configurations constitute hypotheses amenable to verification or modification in other cases or contexts. From the moral/social perspective, the desirable outcome of CSA is the creation of the various forms of legitimacy for the company which can be measured along a CSP profile. The last part of the case study explains how Mexfrucos CSA gained or maintained legitimacy, i.e. CSP, for the company.
- Establishing Manufacturing Subsidiaries Abroad: The Influence of Interaction Capacity on Technology Transfer-Edición Única(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2007-12-01) Hartmann, Andreas Michael; Dr. Bryan W.Husted; Dr. Alejandro Ibarra Yúnez; Dr Allain JolyThis study combines the knowledge-based and the capability views of the firm for building and testing a model of technology transfer between units of multinational corporations (MNCs). Within the model, the technology to be transferred is presented as organizational knowledge, which is partially tacit, distributed, and embedded in a social context. The transfer process can be carried out more or less efficient depending on a firms transfer capability, which is decomposed into the sending units emissive capacity, the dyads interactive communication capacity, the receiving units absorptive capacity, and the receiving units local adaptation capacity. The empirical study focuses on interaction capacity and seeks to identify those organizational practices that speed up or slow down the transfer process. The transfer event under study is the setup of manufacturing facilities by MNCs. The dependent variable was the time required for setting up a new manufacturing subsidiary. Different versions of the dependent variable were defined by the milestones of start of construction, arrival of machines, first v shipment, full capacity, and corporate-level productivity. The sample consisted of the manufacturing subsidiaries of foreign MNCs set up in the Northeast Mexican state of Nuevo Léon that started operations between 1998 and 2007. Data were gathered through a survey applied to the focal subsidiaries managers. A general finding of the study was that setup times differed by a ratio of up to 1:100. Subsidiary size was not found to be relevant, but complexity was. The mathematical model for analyzing the data was a moderated regression analysis, where four different indicators of the difficulty of the transfer task were used to make the transfer events comparable among each other: supplier diversity, documentation, teachability, and interunit similarity. Supplier diversity made the initial phase of the setup process especially difficult. Contrary to the literature on knowledge codification, documentation of technology was found to be helpful only when combined with face-to-face communication. Teachability proved to be the most reliable indicator of the difficulty of the transfer task. The fourth moderator, namely interunit similarity, showed that firms that replicated an existing organizational structure had an easier task for the initial phase of the setup. Six main hypotheses were tested in the study. H1 posited a positive effect of interunit communication on transfer efficiency. With frequency of incoming visits as independent variable, H1 was confirmed for all phases, while more expatriates were only helpful in the ramp-up phase. H2 concerned the difference between mediated and face-to-face communication. The data not only confirmed H2 but showed a reverse causality in the sense that phone communication increased when the setup was slow, but did not improve the process. H3 predicted a positive effect of interunit trust on transfer efficiency, which was found only for the less well defined tasks within the setup process and when trust had had time to evolve. H4 vi posited that a buyer-supplier relationship between the sending unit and the receiving unit would help with setup performance, but was not confirmed. To the contrary, new subsidiaries that depended on their MNCs as suppliers took longer for their setup processes. H5 concerned the MNC's host country experience, which was found to be significant for the less structured tasks within the setup process. Finally, H6 predicted that the general manager's setup experience would have a positive effect on transfer times. This effect was found for the ramp-up phase when the technology was easily teachable. Furthermore, host country nationals as general managers had an advantage for starting and ramping up when technology was not too complex; in all other cases, foreign experts achieved higher performances. The study discusses the implications of these findings for management theory and MNC practice and presents suggestions for further research.
- The effects of managerial discretion and corporate control variables on the choice of an IPO common equity structure(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2007-05-01) Serrano Salazar, Carlos; Serrano Salazar, Carlos; 38979
- Net Cash Flow Analysis as Stochastic Processes Theory Application and the Real Options Theory: A New Approach-Edición Única(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2006-12-01) Mota Aragón, Martha B.; Dr. Belen Villalonga-Morenés; Dr.Francisco Venegas-Martínez; Dr.Luis García-Calderón Díaz; Dr.Alejandro Ibarra-YúnezThe main contribution of this dissertation is focused on the Capital Investments Theory that influences on Real Option Theory. My Ph.D Thesis asserts that net cash flow (NCF) and the interest rate (rt) of a investment project are stochastic processes. A new model of mean reversion for the NCF administration named “Vasicek extended” is made, among others; the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model for interest rate is considered. A fundamental contribution to this thesis is considering external control variables (Zt) which modify the Net Cash Flow trajectory. To the system of dynamic variables is joined Vector Autoregressive VAR(l) which captures the dynamic interaction of the control variables used by the council administration. We work through from a continuous to a discrete version. Then is explained NPV from my new point of view. The modified NPV(Zt) this gives a more accurate value for valuating VPN(Zt) +<�, � is the real option, therefore we see a step forward on the topic. There is a complete analysis for the discrete case and therefore a complete methodology for applying these ideas to any enterprise in any country. This methodology is applied to the Mexican case, particularly to large enterprises which are listed in the Mexican Stock Market and a taxonomy to get a classification of their situation derivates from it. We arrive 9 naturally possible cases and any enterprise is classified into one of them. The general model are estimated for 69 large enterprises and it shows where every enterprise is located over its corresponding quadrant, this also results as a map allowing having a clear panorama about industrial situation in Mexico. Through the thesis development, we enter upon the information asymmetry notion to obtain the “news cash flow curve” applied to the NCF profit as another contribution. An application on 69 large enterprises listed in the Mexican Stock Market is made.
- What explains the returns in the mexican stock market(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 1999-11-01) Cervantes Zepeda, Mauricio; Starks, Laura T.; Ibarra Yunez, Alejandro; Herrera Saizar, Martin JavierEl principal objetivo de esta disertación, es desarrollar un modelo de valuación de activos de capital para el mercado mexicano de acciones, durante el período de julio 1989 a diciembre de 1998. Desde hace más de treinta años la teoría de valuación de títulos financieros ha sido un tópico de debate en los Estados Unidos y aún no se ha alcanzado consenso. Esto se debe a que la investigación en modelos de valuación es una prioridad para incrementar el conocimiento sobre el funcionamiento del mercado y mejorar las regulaciones del mismo. Sin embargo, en México la investigación empírica en los mercados financieros ha sido escasa. Los resultados encontrados en la presente disertación sugieren que el CAPM es rechazado y un modelo de cinco factores no es rechazado. Los factores son: un índice del mercado, tamaño, valor libros/valor mercado, momento, y tipo de cambio peso/dólar. Estos resultados son robustos al uso de los rendimientos en dólares o pesos; a la inclusión o viii exclusión de la devaluación de diciembre de 1994 y su subsiguiente choque económico y al uso de un índice de mercado con promedios ponderados o igualmente balanceados. Posiblemente éste sea el primer estudio usando la técnica de factores mímicos que describen el tipo de cambio como factor de riesgo. El tipo de cambio también es probado usando la técnica tradicional de factores con variables macro-económicas. En ambas técnicas las betas son significativas y el premio es positivo y estadísticamente significativo. Es importante encontrar si la beta o la característica en sí de cada factor explica los rendimientos. Sin embargo, debido al reducido número de emisiones en la Bolsa Mexicana de Valores, no es posible discriminar claramente entre la beta o la característica. La presente disertación abre avenidas para futuras investigaciones en valuación de portafolios, estudios de eventos, y finanzas corporativas. Los resultados indican que se requiere más investigación para discriminar si la beta o bien la característica en sí de cada factor explica los rendimientos.