Ciencias Sociales

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Understanding the factors that affect the adoption of sustainable entrepreneurship
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2024-11-13) Rojas Cruz, Lilia Raquel; Husted Corregan, Bryan William; emipsanchez; Aguiñaga Maldonado, Eudardo Enrique; Amorós Espinosa, José Ernesto; EGADE Business School; Campus Monterrey
The urgency of grand challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and social injustice has generated a call for action, leading governments, markets, businesses, and individuals to adopt more sustainable practices and policies. The recognition of entrepreneurship as a solution— rather than a contributor to these issues— has given rise to sustainable entrepreneurship. Although academic interest in this field has grown in recent years, there is still much to learn about the nature of sustainable entrepreneurship in theory and practice. The present dissertation provides a new and broad approach to elements that influence the adoption of sustainable entrepreneurship. Three empirical studies were conducted to examine how microlevel (motivations, intentions, and competencies) and macro-level (state fragility, economic development, and culture) aspects are related to sustainable entrepreneurship. The first study investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial competencies—self-efficacy and social capital—and sustainable entrepreneurship, focusing on how these competencies influence entrepreneurial motivations. The results reveal that opportunity- and necessity-driven entrepreneurship positively affect sustainable entrepreneurship. Moreover, entrepreneurial motivation positively mediates the relationship between self-efficacy and sustainable entrepreneurship. The second study examines the interaction between state fragility, economic development, and sustainable entrepreneurship, focusing on how entrepreneurial motivations, such as opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship, influence this relationship. Findings suggest that state fragility positively affects sustainable entrepreneurship. Additionally, necessity and opportunity entrepreneurship fully mediate the relationship between state fragility and sustainable entrepreneurship. Finally, the third study aims to understand how the elements of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) influence sustainable entrepreneurial intentions and examine the moderating effects of Hofstede's cultural dimensions. The research focuses on Mexico and the USA, utilizing cross-sectional survey data and employing hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) with cross-level interactions to test the hypotheses. The findings suggest that long-term orientation positively moderates the relationship between individual-level attitudes toward sustainable entrepreneurship and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. In contrast, masculinity negatively moderates the relationship between attitudes and intentions. Together, these studies comprehensively analyze the multilevel factors driving sustainable entrepreneurship. These findings theoretically and practically contribute to the field of sustainable entrepreneurship.
Corporate Nonmarket Strategy in Emerging Markets: The Case of Mexico
(Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, 2021-02-05) Palomares Aguirre, Itzel; Husted Corregan, Bryan William; tolmquevedo; Rocha González, Jorge Miguel; Briseño García, Arturo; EGADE Business School; Campus Monterrey
Nonmarket strategy has always been an integral part of the firm’s strategy. However, as scholars have studied nonmarket strategy, they have acknowledged its increasing relevance as part of the firm’s strategy. Managers have become more interested in complementing the traditional market strategies focused on how to improve firm performance with either corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives or corporate political activity (CPA) actions. Even the government and the general public pay more attention to the firm’s nonmarket actions. For business, the use of CSR and CPA seeks to reduce uncertainty by creating social and political goodwill. However, most of what we have learned about nonmarket strategy in general is based on studies carried out in developed economies, which have strong institutions that provide a system of checks and balances and a set of guidelines. I contend that emerging markets such as Mexico have different “rules of the game” and thus nonmarket strategy will have different results when implemented in firms operating in such emerging contexts. The present dissertation aims to explain how firms in emerging markets use corporate nonmarket strategy to obtain a strategic advantage. Specifically, three studies have been conducted to understand the use of nonmarket strategy in an emerging economy such as Mexico. The first paper aims to look at the influence of country level characteristics on the likelihood of engaging in earnings management. Results show that emerging economies differ from developing economies in the effect of board characteristics CEO duality and board independence on the likelihood of earnings management, requiring that current theories adapt to the reality of these differences between both sets of countries. The second paper looks at the inner circle of firms listed in the Mexican Stock Exchange. This is a descriptive study that maps fifteen years of board members and their relationships, concluding that the disappearance of the inner circle that has been documented on other developed economies is not happening in Mexico. Finally, the third paper uses a foreground/background metaphor to explore how influence payments can be performed in the foreground (e.g. political donations) or in the background (e.g. questionable payments) and the effect of such in financial performance. We found a mediation mechanism between political donation and firm performance consisting of the firm’s power in the network of board interlocks. Together these three studies show both the complexity and importance of nonmarket strategy for securing a competitive advantage. However, results also show that strategies regarding board composition and its monitoring functions that are successful in developed economies might not translate with the same effect in emerging markets. Thus, the importance of conducting research in emerging contexts for testing our knowledge on nonmarket strategy. Results of the studies make contributions to the field of strategic management.

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